NO. In the Supreme Court of the United States CITY OF LOS ANGELES, Petitioner, v. NARANJIBHAI PATEL, RAMILABEN PATEL, LOS ANGELES LODGING ASSOCIATION, Respondents. On Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit PETITION FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI Michael N. Feuer City Attorney James P. Clark Chief Deputy City Attorney Thomas H. Peters Chief Assistant City Attorney Gregory P. Orland Deputy City Attorney Counsel Of Record Office Of The Los Angeles City Attorney 900 City Hall East 200 North Main Street Los Angeles, California 90012 213.978.7732 [email protected] Counsel for Petitioner Becker Gallagher · Cincinnati, OH · Washington, D.C. · 800.890.5001 i QUESTIONS PRESENTED FOR REVIEW I. To resolve a split between the Ninth and Sixth Circuits are facial challenges to ordinances and statutes permitted under the Fourth Amendment? II. To resolve a spilt between the Ninth Circuit and the Massachusetts Supreme Court, does a hotel have an expectation of privacy under the Fourth Amendment in a hotel guest registry where the guest supplied information is mandated by law and that ordinance authorizes the police to inspect the registry? If so, is the ordinance facially unconstitutional under the Fourth Amendment unless it expressly provides for pre-compliance judicial review before the police can inspect the registry? ii TABLE OF CONTENTS QUESTIONS PRESENTED FOR REVIEW ...... i TABLE OF AUTHORITIES.................. vii INTRODUCTION........................... 1 OPINIONS BELOW ......................... 2 JURISDICTION ............................ 2 APPLICABLE CONSTITUTIONAL, STATUTORY, AND ORDINANCE PROVISIONS........... 2 STATEMENT OF THE CASE ................. 2 A.Background ............................. 2 B.Facts................................... 3 REASONS FOR GRANTING THE PETITION .... 5 I. THE NINTH CIRCUIT IN PATEL IN A 7-4 SPLIT DECISION AND THE SIXTH CIRCUIT IN WARSHAK IN A 9-5 SPLIT DECISION ARE IN CONFLICT AS TO WHETHER AN ORDINANCE OR STATUTE CAN FACIALLY VIOLATE THE FOURTH AMENDMENT..... 6 A. General Principles to Facially Challenge a Statute .............................. 6 A1. The Majority Opinion Held the City’s Ordinance Facially Violated the Fourth Amendment Because There Was No Pre-Compliance Judicial Review ......................... 9 iii A2. Judge Tallman Dissented and Joined by Three Additional Judges Concluded Facial Challenges to Legislative Enactments under the Fourth Amendment Require a “Concrete” Factual As-Applied Context Otherwise the Decision Is an Advisory Opinion........................ 12 A3. Judge Clifton Dissented and Joined by Three Additional Judges Concluded the Facial Challenge to the City’s Ordinance Failed to Establish There Was an Expectation of Privacy in All Instances and There Was No Basis for the Majority to Require Pre- Compliance Judicial Review in Every Instance ....................... 15 A4. The Three Judge Ninth Circuit Panel Split 2-1 to Hold the Hotel Operator Had No Reasonable Expectation of Privacy in the Guest Register...... 17 A5. The District Court Ruled There Was Insufficient Evidence to Find the Hotel Industry Had a Reasonable Expectation of Privacy in the Guest Register ....................... 19 A6. The Three Widely Varying Judicial Decisions in this Case Coupled with Two Divergent Dissents Manifests the Complexity of the Issues Presented...................... 19 iv A7. The Sharply Divided 9-5 Split in the Sixth Circuit’s Warshak Decision Which Held There Can Not Be Facial Challenges to Statutes under the Fourth Amendment Is in Direct Conflict with the Ninth Circuit’s Decision in Patel ................ 20 A8. The Warshak Dissent Would Have Allowed a Facial Challenge to the Statute........................ 23 A9. Caparison Between Patel and Warshak Compels the Granting of Certiorari...................... 24 II. THE NINTH CIRCUIT IN PATEL AND THE MASSACHUSETTS SUPREME COURT IN BLINN REACHED CONFLICTING CONCLUSIONS AS TO WHETHER A HOTEL OPERATOR HAS AN EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY UNDER THE FOURTH AMENDMENT IN A HOTEL GUEST REGISTRY WHERE THE GUEST SUPPLIED INFORMATION IS MANDATED BY LAW AND THAT LEGISLATIVE ENACTMENT AUTHORIZES THE POLICE TO INSPECT THE REGISTRY ........................ 25 A. The Massachusetts Supreme Court in Blinn Holds a Hotel Operator Has No Fourth Amendment Expectation of Privacy in the Guest Register ....................... 25 A1. Blinn Conflicts with Patel ......... 26 v A2. State Statutes, County and City Ordinances Authorize Police Officers to Inspect Hotel Guest Registries Without Providing for Fourth Amendment Pre-Compliance Judicial Review. These Nationally Ubiquitous Laws Which Provide Law Enforcement with a Critical Tool Are Now in Jeopardy of Being Declared Facially Unconstitutional Thus Compelling That Certiorari Be Granted ....................... 28 CONCLUSION ............................ 31 APPENDIX Appendix A Opinion in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (December 24, 2013) ..........App. 1 Appendix B Opinion in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (July 17, 2012) ..............App. 35 Appendix C Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law after Court Trial and Judgment for Defendants after Court Trial in the United States District Court, Central District of California (September 5, 2008) ..........App. 49 Appendix D Relevant Constitutional and Statutory Provisions..................App. 59 U.S. Const. amend. IV........App. 59 vi 42 U.S.C. § 1983 .............App. 59 Los Angeles Municipal Code § 41.49 ....................App. 60 Appendix E State Statutes, County and Municipal Ordinances.................App. 66 vii TABLE OF AUTHORITIES CASES Allinder v. City of Homewood, 254 Ala. 525, 49 So. 2d 108 (1950) .......... 31 Ashwander v. TVA, 297 U.S. 288, 56 S. Ct. 466, 80 L. Ed. 688 (1936) .................................. 8 Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New Eng., 546 U.S. 320, 126 S. Ct. 961, 163 L. Ed. 2d 812 (2006) .................................. 9 Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 709, 107 S. Ct. 1492, 94 L. Ed. 2d 714 (1987) ................................. 21 Camara v. Mun. Ct., 387 U.S. 523, 87 S. Ct. 1727, 18 L. Ed. 2d 930 (1967) ................................. 14 City of Strongsville v. Patel, 2005-Ohio-620 (2005) ..................... 30 Commonwealth v. Blinn, 399 Mass. 126, 503 N.E.2d 25 (1987) ...................... 1, 25, 26, 27, 30 Connection Distrib. Co. v. Holder, 557 F.3d 321 (6th Cir. 2009) ................ 6 Donovan v. Lone Steer, Inc., 464 U.S. 408, 104 S. Ct. 769, 78 L. Ed. 2d 567 (1984) ................................. 14 viii Free Speech Coalition, Inc. v. United States, 677 F.3d 519 (3d Cir. 2012) ................. 8 Gonzales v. Carhart, 550 U.S. 124, 127 S. Ct. 1610, 167 L. Ed. 2d 480 (2007) .................................. 7 Jones v. City of Hitchcock, 2003 Tex. App. 3353 (2003) ................ 30 King v. City of Tulsa, 415 P.2d 606 (Okla. Crim. App. 1966) ....... 31 Liverpool, New York & Philadelphia S. S. Co. v. Commissioners of Emigration, 113 U.S. 33, 5 S. Ct. 352, 28 L. Ed. 899 (1885) .................................. 8 Marshall v. Barlow’s, Inc., 436 U.S. 307, 98 S. Ct. 1816, 56 L. Ed. 2d 305 (1978) ..................... 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 McLaughlin v. Kings Island, 849 F.2d 990 (1988) ...................... 12 Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 100 S. Ct. 1371, 63 L. Ed. 2d 639 (1980) ................................. 22 Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 99 S. Ct. 421, 58 L. Ed. 2d 387 (1978) .................................. 9 Regan v. Time, Inc., 468 U.S. 641, 104 S. Ct. 3262, 82 L. Ed. 2d 487 (1984) .................................. 9 ix Sabri v. United States, 541 U.S. 600, 124 S. Ct. 1941, 158 L. Ed. 2d 891 (2004) .................................. 8 See v. City of Seattle, 387 U.S. 541, 87 S. Ct. 1737, 18 L. Ed. 2d 943 (1967) .............................. 11, 14 Sibron v. New York, 392 U.S. 40, 88 S. Ct. 1889, 20 L. Ed. 2d 917 (1968) ............................ 7, 13, 14 Toilet Goods Ass’n, Inc. v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 158, 87 S. Ct. 1520, 18 L. Ed. 2d 697 (1967) ................................. 21 Torres v. Puerto Rico, 442 U.S. 465, 99 S. Ct. 2445, 61 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1979) ................................. 22 United States v. $291,828.00 in United States Currency, 536 F.3d 1234 (11th Cir. 2008) .............. 8 United States v. Baker, 78 F.3d 135 (4th Cir. 1996) ................. 8 United States v. Cormier, 220 F.3d 1103 (9th Cir. 2000) ........... 10, 16 United States v. Holloway, 962 F.2d 451 (5th Cir. 1992) ................ 8 United States v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435, 96 S. Ct. 1619, 48 L. Ed. 2d 71 (1976) ................................. 10 x United States v. Raines, 362 U.S. 17, 80 S. Ct. 519, 4 L. Ed. 2d 524 (1960) .................................. 7 United States v. Rundle, 402 F.2d 701 (3d Cir. 1968) ................. 8 United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 107 S. Ct. 2095, 95 L. Ed. 2d 697 (1987) ............................... 7, 12 Warshak v. United States, 532 F.3d 521 (6th Cir. 2008) ........... passim Wash. State Grange v. Wash. State Republican Party, 552 U.S. 442, 128 S. Ct. 1184, 170 L. Ed. 2d 151 (2008) .......................... 7, 8, 13, 27 CONSTITUTION U.S. Const. amend. IV................... passim STATUTES AND ORDINANCES 18 U.S.C. § 2703(d) ...................... 20, 22 28 U.S.C. § 1254(1) .......................... 2 42 U.S.C. § 1983 ......................... 2, 21 Alameda County, Cal., Code § 3.20.010 (2013) . 10 East Peoria Mun. Code