Chase Orchard: A Potiil Phase Pueblo in the Cimarron District, Northeastern New Mexico with a Suggested Reconstruction of Tanoan Origins and Migrations James A. Gunnerson with an Appendix on Faunal Remains by R. George Corner Memoir 11 of the Oklahoma Anthropological Society Robert E. Bell Monographs in Anthropology 4 of the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History 2007 · Chase Orchard: A Poiiil Phase Pueblo in the Cimarron District, Northeastern New Mexico with a Suggested Reconstruction of Tanoan Origins and Migrations James A. Gunnerson with an Appendix on Faunal Remains by R. George Corner Memoir 11 of the Oklahoma Anthropological Society Robert E. Bell Monographs in Anthropology 4 of the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History 2007 Copyright 2007 Oklahoma Anthropological Society Jon Denton Secretary, Oklahoma Anthropological Society Newcastle, Oklahoma This volume formatted in InDesign and edited by Don G. Wyckoff Memoir Editor, Oklahoma Anthropological Society Table of Contents Page Preface ......................................................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................................... ii A Dedication by Dr. James H. Gunnerson ................................................................................................................ iii The Chase Orchard Pueblo Site Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Environs of the Cimarron Crescent Locality ............................................................................................................. 3 Landscape ................................................................................................................................................. 3 Climate ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 History ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 Chase Orchard Pueblo ............................................................................................................................................... 13 Site Setting .............................................................................................................................................. 13 The Chase Orchard Pueblo Site .............................................................................................................. 14 Mounds and Structures ........................................................................................................................... 15 Mound A and Structure A .................................................................................................................... 15 Mound B and Structure B ................................................................................................................... 22 Mound F and Structure F .................................................................................................................... 30 Discussion of the Structures .................................................................................................................... 41 The Artifacts from Chase Orchard Pueblo ................................................................................................................ 43 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 43 Ceramic Artifacts .................................................................................................................................... 43 Gray Wares at Chase Orchard .............................................................................................................. 43 Taos Plain and Taos Incised ................................................................................................................. 43 Pottery Tubes ....................................................................................................................................... 46 Unidentified Corrugated........................................................................................................................ 46 White Ware ........................................................................................................................................... 48 Bone Artifacts ......................................................................................................................................... 54 Scapulae Knives ................................................................................................................................... 54 Bone "Dagger" ..................................................................................................................................... 54 Awls ...................................................................................................................................................... 57 Antler Tine Flakers ............................................................................................................................... 57 Arrow-shaft Straighteners .................................................................................................................... 57 Pendant. ................................................................................................................................................ 57 Tubular Beads ...................................................................................................................................... 57 Shell Artifacts .......................................................................................................................................... 60 Disk Bead ............................................................................................................................................. 60 Modified Clam Shell ............................................................................................................................ 60 Modified Olivella Shell ........................................................................................................................ 60 Bilobate Bead ....................................................................................................................................... 63 Chipped Stone Artifacts .......................................................................................................................... 64 Projectile Points ................................................................................................................................... 64 Other Chipped Stone Artifacts ............................................................................................................. 68 Ground Stone Artifacts ........................................................................................................................... 69 Mortar .................................................................................................................................................. 69 Abraders ............................................................................................................................................... 70 Pipe ...................................................................................................................................................... 70 Bead ..................................................................................................................................................... 70 Damper ................................................................................................................................................ 70 Stone Disk ............................................................................................................................................ 70 Hammerstones ...................................................................................................................................... 70 Axes ...................................................................................................................................................... 71 Maul ..................................................................................................................................................... 71 Disk ...................................................................................................................................................... 71 Table of Contents (cont.) Page Ground Stone Artifacts (cont.) Metates ................................................................................................................................................... 71 Manos ..................................................................................................................................................... 72 Chase Orchard Pueblo: Discussion and Interpretation of the Site's Age ..................................................................... 83 Chase Orchard Pueblo: Discussion and Interpretation of Square Above Ground Kivas ............................................. 84 Chase Orchard Pueblo: Discussion