NORTHWEST TRAINING AND TESTING ESSENTIAL FISH HABITAT ASSESSMENT FINAL MARCH 2015 Lead Agency Department of the Navy Action Proponents Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet Naval Sea Systems Command Naval Air Systems Command Northwest Training and Testing Final Report Essential Fish Habitat Assessment EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This assessment of the effects of Navy activities in the Northwest Training and Testing (NWTT) Study Area on Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) covers regulatory issues, impacts of the Proposed Action, and mitigation measures. The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA) of 1976 mandates identification and conservation of EFH. A second habitat type is also identified to focus conservation efforts: Habitat Areas of Particular Concern. These subsets of EFH are rare, sensitive, ecologically important, or located in an area that is already stressed. Federal agencies are required to consult with the National Marine Fisheries Service and to prepare an Essential Fish Habitat Assessment (EFHA) if their activities may adversely affect EFH. The Northwest Training and Testing (NWTT) Study Area The NWTT Study Area includes offshore air, sea, and undersea space; nearshore air, land, sea, and undersea space, and inland airspace. Offshore and nearshore operating areas contain EFH for species covered under Fishery Management Plans (FMPs), including salmonids, coastal pelagic species, Pacific Coast groundfish, and highly migratory species. The NWTT Study Area is located within the California Current System: the offshore and nearshore areas adjacent to Washington (WA), Oregon (OR), and northern California (CA) coasts; and the marine and estuarine waters of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Puget Sound, WA; and the Western Behm Canal located in southeast Alaska (AK). The Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC) has management responsibilities over the EFH in offshore waters of WA, OR, and CA and the Inland Waters portion of the Study Area. The North Pacific Fishery Management Council (NPFMC) has management responsibilities in Alaskan waters. The Navy has determined that the Proposed Action will have no effect on EFH Western Behm Canal, Alaska; therefore, discussion of Alaskan waters is not carried forward in this analysis. Proposed Activities The Navy proposes to continue training and testing activities in the NWTT Study Area. Navy training activities include missile, gunnery, bombing, and electronic combat exercises; anti- submarine warfare tracking exercises; mine countermeasures training; naval special warfare training; and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance activities. The Navy’s research and acquisition community engages in a broad spectrum of testing activities in support of the fleet. These activities include, but are not limited to, basic and applied scientific research and technology development; testing, evaluation, and maintenance of systems (missiles, radar, and sonar), and platforms (surface ships, submarines, and aircraft); and acquisition of systems and platforms to support Navy missions. Analysis Factors The following factors were considered in the analysis of potential impacts: the duration, frequency, intensity, and spatial extent of the impact; the sensitivity or vulnerability of the habitat; and the habitat functions that might be altered by the impact. Adverse effects are defined as any impact that reduces the quality or quantity of EFH. Temporary effects are limited in duration and allow the environment to i Northwest Training and Testing Final Report Essential Fish Habitat Assessment recover without measurable impact. Minimal effects do not cause large-scale changes in ecological function. Effects on EFH could be associated with sonar and vessel noise; underwater explosives and weapons firing, launch, and impact noise; electromagnetic devices; vessel movement; in-water devices; military expended materials; seafloor devices; explosives and explosives byproducts; metals; chemicals; and other materials. Navy activities could have short-term, temporary, long-term, or permanent effects, as well as minimal, effects on individual species, substrates, biogenic habitats, or could alter water quality. Summary of Assessment Acoustic Stressors Acoustic energy from sonar and vessel noise may adversely affect water column EFH. However, these effects would be minimal and temporary. Noise from explosives and weapons firing, launch, and impact may adversely affect water column EFH. However, these effects would be minimal and temporary. These actions may also adversely affect substrate and biogenic EFH and the effects would range from minimal and short term to permanent. Energy Stressors Electromagnetic devices may adversely affect water column EFH. However, these effects would be minimal and temporary. Physical Disturbance and Strike Stressors Vessel movement and in-water devices may adversely affect substrates. However, the effects would range from minimal and short term to permanent. Vessel movement and in-water devices would have no effect on biogenic EFH as mitigation measures would prevent activities occurring near sensitive nearshore habitats. Military expended materials may adversely affect water column EFH; however, these effects would be minimal and temporary. Military expended materials may adversely affect substrate and biogenic EFH. However, these effects would range from minimal and long term to permanent. Seafloor devices would have no effect on water column EFH, but may adversely affect substrate and biogenic EFH. These effects, however, would be minimal and temporary. Contaminant Stressors Explosives and explosives byproducts may adversely affect water column, substrate, and biogenic EFH. However, these effects would be minimal and temporary. Metals, chemicals, and other materials would have no effect on any EFH in the Study Area. Conclusion The assessment concludes that the potential impacts from the Proposed Action may adversely affect EFH; however, these effects would not exceed a determination of more than minimal (Table ES-1). The individual stressor effects were all either no effect or may adversely affect. However, any expected effects would be minimal and range in duration from temporary to permanent, depending on the habitat impacted. ii Northwest Training and Testing Final Report Essential Fish Habitat Assessment Table ES-1: Summary of Determinations EFH Species HAPC Water Prey Species Substrate Biogenic Column Pacific Coast • Attached macroalgae: may adversely affect (minimal and long Groundfish May adversely term based on hard substrate affect (minimal and impacts) May variable duration, May • Submerged rooted vegetation: May adversely adversely habitat dependent; adversely may adversely affect (minimal and affect (minimal affect mitigation avoids affect long term; mitigation avoids and (minimal and sensitive nearshore (minimal and sensitive nearshore habitats) temporary) short term to habitats, mapped temporary) • permanent) Sedentary invertebrate beds: may hard bottom, and adversely affect (minimal and surface macroalgae short term to permanent [based concentrations) on substrate impacts]; mitigation avoids mapped hard bottom) Pacific Coast • Attached macroalgae: may adversely affect (minimal and long Salmon Species May adversely term based on hard substrate affect (minimal and impacts) May variable duration, May • Submerged rooted vegetation: May adversely adversely habitat dependent; adversely may adversely affect (minimal and affect (minimal affect mitigation avoids affect long term; mitigation avoids and (minimal and sensitive nearshore (minimal and sensitive nearshore habitats) temporary) short term to habitats, mapped temporary) • permanent) Sedentary invertebrate beds: may hard bottom, and adversely affect (minimal and surface macroalgae short term to permanent [based concentrations) on substrate impacts]; mitigation avoids mapped hard bottom) Coastal Pelagic • Attached macroalgae: may Species adversely affect (minimal and long term based on hard substrate impacts) May May • Submerged rooted vegetation: May adversely adversely adversely may adversely affect (minimal and affect (minimal affect affect long term; mitigation avoids None and (minimal and (minimal and sensitive nearshore habitats) temporary) short term to temporary) • permanent) Sedentary invertebrate beds: may adversely affect (minimal and short term to permanent [based on substrate impacts]; mitigation avoids mapped hard bottom) Highly Migratory • Attached macroalgae: may Species adversely affect (minimal and long term based on hard substrate impacts) May May • Submerged rooted vegetation: May adversely adversely adversely may adversely affect (minimal and affect (minimal affect affect long term; mitigation avoids None and (minimal and (minimal and sensitive nearshore habitats) temporary) short term to temporary) • permanent) Sedentary invertebrate beds: may adversely affect (minimal and short term to permanent [based on substrate impacts]; mitigation avoids mapped hard bottom) iii Northwest Training and Testing Final Report Essential Fish Habitat Assessment This Page Intentionally Left Blank iv Northwest Training and Testing Final Report Essential Fish Habitat Assessment LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ° degree ft.2 square feet > greater than ft./s feet per second < less than G gauss µg/L micrograms per liter GIS Geographic Information System µPa micropascal GUNEX Gunnery Exercise A-A Air-to-Air h depth A-S Air-to-Surface HAPC Habitat Area of Particular Concern AAW Anti-Air Warfare HARM High Speed