New plant breeding techniques RNA-dependent DNA methylation, Reverse breeding, Grafting Impressum Herausgeber, Medieninhaber und Hersteller Bundesministerium für Gesundheit, Radetzkystraße 2, 1031 Wien Team Österreichische Agentur für Gesundheit und Ernährungsssicherheit GmbH (kurz AGES) 1220 Wien, Spargelfeldstraße 191 Projektleitung Charlotte Leonhardt Interne Projektkoordination Alexandra Ribarits Autorinnen und Autoren Werner Brüller Horst Luftensteiner Klemens Mechtler Verena Peterseil Alexandra Ribarits Robert Steffek Walter Stepanek Christina Topitschnig Ingomar Widhalm Markus Wögerbauer Zitiervorschlag/Please cite this report as follows: AGES (2013) New plant breeding techniques. RNA-dependent methylation, Reverse breeding, Grafting. Bundesministerium für Gesundheit, Wien. AGES (2013) New plant breeding techniques. RNA-dependent methylation, Reverse breeding, Grafting. Federal Ministry of Health, Vienna. Erscheinungstermin Dezember 2013 ISBN 978-3-902611-74-1 Grafting, Reverse Breeding, RNA-dependent DNA Methylation | Content Content Content ................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Zusammenfassung .................................................................................................................................................. 7 1 Background .................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 This study ................................................................................................................................................. 11 1.2 Impact of new techniques and developments......................................................................................... 12 1.2.1 European level ......................................................................................................................................... 12 1.2.2 International level ................................................................................................................................... 13 2 Literature search – Methodology ................................................................................................................ 14 2.1 Selection of documents ........................................................................................................................... 17 3 RNA-dependent DNA methylation .............................................................................................................. 18 3.1 Introduction and definition ...................................................................................................................... 18 3.2 Applications .............................................................................................................................................. 19 3.2.1 Plants, breeding goals and anticipated developments ........................................................................... 19 3.3 Basic principles ......................................................................................................................................... 19 3.4 Detection .................................................................................................................................................. 22 3.5 Traceability and variety registration ........................................................................................................ 25 3.6 Risk assessment ....................................................................................................................................... 25 3.6.1 Transformation method .......................................................................................................................... 25 3.6.2 Molecular characterisation ..................................................................................................................... 26 3.6.3 Substantial equivalence .......................................................................................................................... 28 3.6.4 Toxicological and allergological risk assessment .................................................................................... 29 3.6.5 Environmental risk assessment ............................................................................................................... 30 3.7 Discussion ................................................................................................................................................. 31 3.7.1 Drivers and constraints for the adoption of the new techniques ........................................................... 31 4 Reverse breeding ......................................................................................................................................... 34 4.1 Introduction and definition ...................................................................................................................... 34 4.2 Applications .............................................................................................................................................. 34 4.2.1 Plants, breeding goals and anticipated developments ........................................................................... 35 4.3 Basic principles ......................................................................................................................................... 35 4.4 Detection .................................................................................................................................................. 35 4.5 Traceability and variety registration ........................................................................................................ 36 4.6 Risk assessment ....................................................................................................................................... 37 4.6.1 Transformation methods ........................................................................................................................ 37 4.6.2 Molecular characterisation ..................................................................................................................... 37 4.6.3 Substantial equivalence .......................................................................................................................... 37 4.6.4 Toxicological and allergological risk assessment .................................................................................... 38 4.6.5 Environmental risk assessment ............................................................................................................... 39 4.7 Discussion ................................................................................................................................................. 39 4.7.1 Drivers and constraints for the adoption of the new techniques ........................................................... 39 5 Grafting........................................................................................................................................................ 42 5.1 Introduction and definition ...................................................................................................................... 42 5.2 Applications .............................................................................................................................................. 42 5.2.1 Plants and breeding goals and anticipated developments ..................................................................... 44 5.3 Basic principles ......................................................................................................................................... 45 5.4 Detection .................................................................................................................................................. 45 5.5 Traceability and Variety Registration ....................................................................................................... 47 5.6 Risk assessment ....................................................................................................................................... 47 5.6.1 Transformation methods ........................................................................................................................ 47 5.6.2 Molecular characterisation ..................................................................................................................... 47 5.6.3 Substantial equivalence .......................................................................................................................... 48 3 Grafting, Reverse Breeding, RNA-dependent DNA Methylation | Content 5.6.4 Toxicological and allergological risk assessment .................................................................................... 49 5.6.5 Environmental risk assessment ............................................................................................................... 49 5.7 Discussion ................................................................................................................................................. 50 5.7.1 Drivers and constraints for the adoption of the new techniques ..........................................................