The PHILPHILPHIL AAA JANUARY-JUNE 2007 VOL. 9, ISSUE NO. 27 JJUDICIAL OURNAL The PHILPHILPHIL AAA JANUARY-JUNE 2007 VOL. 9, ISSUE NO. 27 JJUDICIAL OURNAL DEMOCRACY AND THE LAW I. LECTURES II. REFERENCES ii iii The PHILJA Judicial Journal The PHILJA Judicial Journal is published twice a year by the Research, Publications and Linkages Office of the Philippine Judicial Academy (PHILJA). The Journal features articles, lectures, research outputs and other materials of interest to members of the Judiciary, particularly judges, as well as law students and practitioners. The views expressed by the authors do not necessarily reflect the views of either the Academy or its editorial board. Editorial and general offices are located at PHILJA, 3rd Floor, Centennial Building, Supreme Court, Padre Faura St., Manila. Tel. No.: 552-9524 Telefax No.: 552-9628 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] CONTRIBUTIONS. The PHILJA Judicial Journal invites contributions. Please include author’s name and biographical information. The editorial board reserves the right to edit the materials submitted for publication. Copyright © 2007 by The PHILJA Judicial Journal. All rights reserved. For more information, please visit the PHILJA website at http://philja.judiciary.gov.ph. iv SUPREME COURT OF THE PHILIPPINES CHIEF JUSTICE Hon. REYNATO S. PUNO ASSOCIATE JUSTICES Hon. LEONARDO A. QUISUMBING Hon. CONSUELO YNARES-SANTIAGO Hon. ANGELINA SANDOVAL-GUTIERREZ Hon. ANTONIO T. CARPIO Hon. MA. ALICIA AUSTRIA-MARTINEZ Hon. RENATO C. CORONA Hon. CONCHITA CARPIO-MORALES Hon. ADOLFO S. AZCUNA Hon. DANTE O. TINGA Hon. MINITA V. CHICO-NAZARIO Hon. CANCIO C. GARCIA Hon. PRESBITERO J. VELASCO, Jr. Hon. ANTONIO EDUARDO B. NACHURA COURT ADMINISTRATOR Hon. CHRISTOPHER O. LOCK DEPUTY COURT ADMINISTRATORS Hon. ZENAIDA N. ELEPAÑO Hon. JOSE P. PEREZ Hon. REUBEN P. DE LA CRUZ CLERK OF COURT Atty. MA. LUISA D. VILLARAMA ASSISTANT COURT ADMINISTRATORS Atty. ANTONIO H. DUJUA Judge NIMFA C. VILCHES Atty. JOSE MIDAS P. MARQUEZ ASSISTANT CLERK OF COURT Atty. FELIPA B. ANAMA DIVISION CLERKS OF COURT Atty. ENRIQUETA ESGUERRA VIDAL Atty. LUDICHI Y. NUNAG Atty. LUCITA A. SORIANO v PHILIPPINE JUDICIAL ACADEMY Board of Trustees Hon. REYNATO S. PUNO Chief Justice Chair Hon. LEONARDO A. QUISUMBING Senior Associate Justice, Supreme Court Vice Chair Members Hon. AMEURFINA A. MELENCIO HERRERA Hon. CHRISTOPHER O. LOCK Chancellor Court Administrator Hon. RUBEN T. REYES Hon. TERESITA J. LEONARDO-DE CASTRO Presiding Justice, Court of Appeals Presiding Justice, Sandiganbayan Hon. ERNESTO D. ACOSTA Hon. GUILLERMO A. AGLORO Presiding Justice, Court of Tax Appeals President, Philippine Judges Association Hon. MARIA FILOMENA D. SINGH Dean MARIANO F. MAGSALIN, Jr. Presiding Judge, MeTC Branch 31, Quezon City President, Philippine Association of Law Schools Executive Officials Hon. AMEURFINA A. MELENCIO HERRERA Hon. JUSTO P. TORRES, Jr. Chancellor Vice Chancellor Hon. DELILAH V. MAGTOLIS Executive Secretary Heads of Offices Hon. JUSTO P. TORRES, Jr. Hon. DELILAH V. MAGTOLIS Administrative and Finance Office Officer-In-Charge, Academic Affairs Office Associate Dean SEDFREY M. CANDELARIA Hon. BERNARDO T. PONFERRADA Research, Publications and Linkages Office Judicial Reforms Office Academic Council Hon. AMEURFINA A. MELENCIO HERRERA Chair Dean PACIFICO A. AGABIN Prof. RUBEN F. BALANE Constitutional Law Civil Law Hon. ALFREDO L. BENIPAYO Hon. EDILBERTO G. SANDOVAL Remedial Law Criminal Law Hon. CHRISTOPHER O. LOCK Hon. HILARION L. AQUINO Court Management Ethics and Judicial Conduct Dean CESAR L. VILLANUEVA Dr. PURIFICACION V. QUISUMBING Commercial Law International and Human Rights Law Fr. RANHILIO C. AQUINO Prof. MYRNA S. FELICIANO Jurisprudence and Legal Philosophy Legal Method and Research Associate Dean SEDFREY M. CANDELARIA Atty. EMMANUEL L. CAPARAS Special Areas of Concern Court Technology Prof. ALFREDO F. TADIAR Hon. JAINAL D. RASUL Alternative Dispute Resolution Shari’a and Islamic Jurisprudence Judicial Reforms Groups Hon. AMEURFINA A. MELENCIO HERRERA Presiding Officer vi Justice Ameurfina A. Melencio Herrera Chancellor Prof. Sedfrey M. Candelaria Editor in Chief Editorial and Research Staff Atty. Ma. Melissa Dimson-Bautista Arsenia M. Mendoza Armida M. Salazar Jocelyn D. Bondoc Ronald Paz Caraig Christine A. Ferrer Joanne Narciso-Medina Sarah Jane S. Salazar Charmaine C. Saltivan Jeniffer P. Sison Circulation and Support Staff Romeo A. Arcullo Lope R. Palermo Daniel S. Talusig Printing Services Leticia G. Javier and Printing Staff VOLUME 9 ISSUE NO. 27 JANUARY - JUNE 2007 THE PHILJA JUDICIAL JOURNAL CONTENTS OFFICIALS OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE PHILIPPINES ...... iv OFFICIALS OF THE PHILIPPINE JUDICIAL ACADEMY .................. v I. LECTURES PHILOSOPHY OF LAW IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: FROM ANCIENT T IMES TO THE 21ST CENTURY Prof. Eugenio H. Villareal .......................................................... 1 NATURAL LAW AND ITS BASIS ON NATURAL REASON: HOW DO PEOPLE UNDERSTAND THE NATURAL LAW? Rev. Fr. Cecilio L. Magsino ....................................................... 36 CIVICS AND THE LAW: BUILDING NATIONHOOD Paul A. Dumol, Ph.D. ................................................................... 55 THE ROLE OF THE 21ST CENTURY JUDGE IN GOVERNANCE Chief Justice Artemio V. Panganiban ....................................... 61 TOLERANCE, RESPECT AND MULTI-CULTURALISM Rev. Fr. Pedro S. Cenzon, Jr. ..................................................... 84 DEMOCRACY, LAW AND THE HUMAN PERSON IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF KAROL W OJTYLA Alma S. Santiago, Ph.D. .................................................................. 112 CONTENTS II. REFERENCES ADDRESS OF HIS HOLINESS JOHN PAUL II TO Y OUNG MUSLIMS ............................................................................. 136 ADDRESS OF HIS HOLINESS JOHN PAUL II TO THE Y OUNG PEOPLE OF KAZAKHSTAN ........................................ 148 FAITH, REASON AND THE UNIVERSITY: MEMORIES AND REFLECTIONS His Holiness Benedict XVI .......................................................... 154 TERRORISM AND HUMAN RIGHTS The Rt. Hon. The Lord Philipps Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales .................................... 169 CONTENTS I. LECTURES PHILOSOPHY OF LAW IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE (FROM ANCIENT T IMES TO THE 21ST CENTURY) Prof. Eugenio H. Villareal I. “ESSENTIAL” PRELIMINARIES ........................................ 3 II. BEGINNINGS ........................................................................... 4 III. LATER ROMAN LAW AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL LAW (MIDDLE AGES) ............................ 17 IV. FRANCISCO DE VITORIA; PHILOSOPHY OF ORDER; “DEMOCRACY OF THE PERSON” ...................................... 20 V. L EGAL POSITIVISM AND ENLIGHTENMENT JURISPRUDENCE .................................. 22 VI. MODERN-DAY APPROACHES TO NATURAL LAW ...... 26 VII. FILIPINO LEGAL PHILOSOPHY.......................................... 30 VIII. RECURRING T HEMES IN LEGAL PHILOSOPHY AND A REFLECTION FOR T ODAY .................................... 31 NATURAL LAW AND ITS BASIS ON NATURAL REASON: HOW DO PEOPLE UNDERSTAND THE NATURAL LAW? Rev. Fr. Cecilio L. Magsino I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 37 II. A RECONSTRUCTION OF THE T HEORY OF NATURAL LAW NECESSARY........................................ 38 III. PRACTICAL REASON AS BASIS FOR MORALITY.......... 44 CONTENTS IV. NATURAL LAW AS THE W ORK OF REASON ................ 45 V. T HE CONSTITUTION OF THE NATURAL LAW THROUGH NATURAL REASON .............................. 46 VI. THE SPONTANEOUS COMPREHENSION OF FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN V ALUES ............................ 47 VII. THE ORDER OF REASON AND THE ORDER OF V IRTUE .............................................. 48 VIII. MORAL V IRTUE AS THE INTEGRATION OF THE NATURAL INCLINATIONS TO THE ORDERING OF REASON....................................... 50 IX. NATURAL INCLINATIONS AS SEEDS OF THE V IRTUES .................................................................... 51 X. THE CONSTITUTION OF OBJECTS OF THE PRECEPTS OF NATURAL LAW ........................... 52 XI. THE NATURAL LAW IS THE LAW OF V IRTUE ............ 53 CIVICS AND THE LAW : BUILDING NATIONHOOD Paul A. Dumol, Ph.D. ................................................................... 55 THE ROLE OF THE 21ST CENTURY JUDGE IN GOVERNANCE Chief Justice Artemio V. Panganiban I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 62 II. SAFEGUARDING LIBERTY ................................................... 63 III. JUDICIAL POLICY TO UPHOLD LIBERTY ....................... 64 IV. NURTURING PROSPERITY ................................................. 67 CONTENTS V. T HE PRIVATE SECTOR’S EFFORTS TO ALLEVIATE POVERTY .................................................. 70 VI. THE JUDICIARY’S RESPONSE TO THE CALL FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION ............................................ 75 VII. RULE OF LAW ........................................................................ 77 VIII. EPILOGUE ................................................................................ 79 TOLERANCE, RESPECT AND MULTI-CULTURALISM Rev. Fr. Peter Cenzon, Jr. I. MULTI-CULTURALISM .............................................................. 86 II. TOLERANCE ............................................................................... 89 III. RESPECT FOR THE DIGNITY OF THE HUMAN PERSON, THE HEART OF PEACE, THE W AY FORWARD ................. 98 IV. THE ROLE OF JUDGES AND V ALUES ................................