American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery www.ajadd.co.uk Original Article A Novel Herbal Composition of Aqueous Extract of Capparis decidua and its Anti- nephrolithiasis Activity Deepak Godara*1, Vichitra Kaushik1, Gaurav Sharma2 and Vipin Saini1 1MMCP, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana (HR), India 2Institute of Biomedical & Industrial Research, Jaipur (Raj.), India Date of Receipt- 14/10/2014 ABSTRACT Date of Revision- 26/11/2014 Date of Acceptance- 10/12/2014 Kidney stone is similar to a small rock that forms in the kidney. Stones are formed when certain chemicals in the body clump together. A stone may stay in the kidney or travel through the urinary system. Small stones may pass through the urinary system without causing greatly pain. Bigger stones can block the flow of urine if they get trapped in the ureters or urethra. Kidney stones usually didn’t cause any symptoms until they start to pass. The present study was undertaken to investigate the anti nephrolithiasis activity of aqueous extract of Capparis decidua. Aqueous extract of Solanum xanthocarpum was administered via intraperitoneal route to albino wistar rat in two test doses 400mg/kg and 800 mg/kg. Experiment was performed for preventive and Address for curative regimen. In preventive regimen aqueous extract of Capparis Correspondence decidua (AECD) 800 mg/kg (57.35% relief) show greater creatinine MMCP, Maharishi clearance then standard drug cystone (34.54% relief) and in curative Markandeshwar regimen cystone (125.33% relief) has greater effect then aqueous University, Mullana extract of Capparis decidua (AECD) 800 mg/kg (42.48% relief). (HR), India. Test drug show dose dependent therapeutic efficacy. Therapeutic E-mail: effect of test drug increase with increasing dose. deepak4friends007 @gmail.com Keywords: Solanum xanthocarpum, Nephrolithiasis, Aqueous extract, kidney stone. INTRODUCTION Nephrolithiasis kidney or travel through the urinary system. A kidney stone is similar to a small Anyone can have a kidney stone, but it may rock that forms in the kidney. Stones are be more likely if you: formed when certain chemicals in the body • Are male clump together.1 Stone may stay in the • Are Caucasian American Journal of Advanced Drug Delivery www.ajadd.co.uk Godara et al____________________________________________________ ISSN 2321-547X • Are very overweight green in colour. Small light brown spines • Have had kidney infections occur in pairs on the twigs at each mode. • Have a family member with kidney stones Leaves are very minute (2 mm long) with a • Have had kidney stones before very short life span on young shoots, so that • Eat a lot of animal protein (such as meat the plant looks leafless most of the time. The and eggs) new flush of leaves appears in November – • Do not drink enough liquids January. Flowers are pink in colour, red Other conditions and medicines can veined in small groups along the leafless also put you at greater risk for kidney shoots, in the axils of spines. Fruits are small stones. many seeded ovoid or sub-globulous, Very small stones might pass slightly mucronate pink berry of the size and through the urinary system without causing shape of a cherry, becomes blackish when much pain. Larger stones can block the flow dry. of urine if they get stuck in the ureters or urethra. Kidney stones do not usually cause Phytoconstituent any symptoms until they start to pass. Some The plant possesses a number of symptoms might include: alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides and some • Extreme pain in your back or side that will fatty acids. The different phytoconstituents not go away of different plant parts are as follow- • Throwing up Capparine, Cappariline and capparinine The • Blood in your urine bark shows the presence of n-pentacosane, • Fever and chills n-tricontanol and β-sitaosterol besides a water-soluble alkaloid, 1-stachydrine. Activity description Besides these, six new phytoconstituents have been isolated and Plant profile Capparis decidua characterized from the root bark, which are capparisterol, Capparideciduasterol, Cappa- Collection and identification of plant risditerpenol, in aliphatic hydroxyketone and material capparisditerpenyl ester.2 The chosen plant, Capparis decidua was identified and selected by the experts of Botany Department, Institute of biomedical MATERIAL AND METHOD and industrial research, Jaipur. For the Equipment present study various parts of the Capparis Soxhlet assembly, Semi auto decidua i.e., fruits, flowers and barks were analyzer, Hot air oven, Water Bottles, collected from Jaipur (India). (See figure 1.) Polypropylene rat Cages etc. It is commonly known as karer, karel, kenr, karu etc is a densely branching Chemical and drugs shrub or small tree of the Thar Desert. Ethylene glycol, Cystone, Sodium It is also found in the subtropical and azide. Diethyl ether, Formaldehyde, Ethanol, tropical zones and other arid regions in and Test Kit For Urinary LDL, Serum Urea, southern Asia with a mass of slender, 4-5 Serum Creatinine, Crcl etc. meter high or occasionally a small tree with many green vines like apparently leafless Experimental animals branches, hanging in bundles. The bark turns Healthy male rats of Wistar strain into whitish- grey colour with age but most weighing between 150 and 175 g of of the branches and twigs are a glossy dark equivalent age groups were obtained from AJADD[2][6][2014] 767-775 Godara et al____________________________________________________ ISSN 2321-547X central animal house of Institute of Experimental model Biomedical and Industrial Research, Jaipur. Rats were acclimatized for one month in Anti-nephrolithiasis activity model propylene cages under hygienic conditions Dosage and provided with standard animal feed and Plant extract was suspended in water ad libitum. All procedures were done distilled water and was administered (i.p) at in accordance with ethical guidelines for doses of 400, 800 mg/kg body weight based care and use of laboratory animals and were on preliminary experimentation. approved by the Institutional animal ethical committee (ibir/iaec/02). Experimental procedure Ethylene glycol induced Preparation of extract of Capparis decidua hyperoxaluria model was used to assess the Capparis decidua was collected from antilithiatic activity in albino rats following the campus of botanical garden of 3 procedures as under. Department of dravyaguna vigyan, National Institute of Ayurveda. Whole plant was Prophylactic regimen (PR) dried and powdered. Then 100 g of the Animals were divided into five powder was mixed with a sufficient volume groups containing six animal in each. Group of distilled water and extracted with a I served as a vehicle treated control and soxhlet apparatus for 16 to 18 hours. The maintained on regular rat food and drinking solvent was removed and the extract was water ad libitum. All remaining groups dried in an oven with the temperature of (Group II-V) received calculi inducing 50°-60°C and weighted. treatment, comprised of ethylene glycol (EG, 0.4% v/v) with ammonium chloride Toxicity studies according to OECD (NH Cl, 1% w/v) in drinking water ad guideline 420 4 libitum for 15 days to accelerate lithiasis. The toxic dose was determined on Group III - administered cystone (750 mg/kg the basis of a pre-studied experiment which body wt.) Group IV – aqueous extract was carried out on the rats. Four doses that Capparis decidua (400mg/kg). Group V- were less than the lethal dose (LD50) (2000 aqueous extract Capparis decidua mg/kg, 4000 mg/kg, 6000 mg/kg and 8000 (800mg/kg). mg/ kg as lower and higher dose, Group III – V were administered respectively) were taken as effective dose in above mentioned doses from day one to day the current study. fifteen of calculi induction. Extract and Four doses for aqueous extract for standard drug were suspended in distilled Capparis decidua extract to achieve lethal water and given intraperitoneally once daily. dose (LD50) were taken as effective dose in the current study. Curative regimen Groups are divided as follow: Animals were divided into five Group A: 2000 mg/kg; 10 albino Wistar rats groups containing six animals in each. Group B: 4000 mg/kg; 10 albino Wistar rats Group I served as a vehicle treated control Group C: 6000 mg/kg; 10 albino Wistar rats and maintained on regular rat food and Group D: 8000 mg/kg; 10 albino Wistar rats drinking water ad libitum. All remaining groups (Group II- V) received calculi inducing treatment, comprised of ethylene glycone (EG, 0.4% v/v) with ammonium AJADD[2][6][2014] 767-775 Godara et al____________________________________________________ ISSN 2321-547X chloride (NH4Cl, 1% w/v) in drinking water measuring the conversion of p-nitrophenyl ad libitum for fifteen days to accelerate phosphate to p-nitrophenol at 405 nm.4 lithiasis, followed by only EG (0.4% v/v) for next thirteen days. Group III - administered Histopathological studies cystone (750 mg/kg body wt.) Group IV – Transverse sections of kidney tissue aqueous extract Capparis decidua were fixed in formaldehyde (10%). The (400mg/kg). Group V- aqueous extract tissue were then dehydrated and embedded Capparis decidua (800mg/kg). in paraffin wax. The paraffin sections (8µ) Group III – V were administered were then cut and stained in Hematoxylene above mentioned doses from day sixteen to & Eosine staining and viewed under light day twenty eight of calculi induction microscope. respectively. Extract and standard drug were suspended in distilled water and given Observation intraperitoneally once daily. Toxicity Study of aqueous extract of After the treatment, the rats were Capparis decidua. placed in metabolic cages and urine was Group A: No behavioral change and collected in a glass bottle having 20 µl of 20 mortality rate observed. % sodium azide as a preservative for twenty Group B: 10 % mortality rate observed. four hour. The urine was frozen at - 200C Group C: 30% mortality rate observed. and used for determination of alkaline Group D: 50% mortality rate observed.