Bioproducts A Framework for Market Analysis By Dan Noble, President John Lehman, Ph.D., Research Director & Data Architect Noble Resources Group “Developing Renewable Carbon, Water and Energy Systems™” Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 4 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 5 Purpose ..........................................................................................................................................5 Context ..........................................................................................................................................6 An Industry Framework ..................................................................................................................8 Collaboration .................................................................................................................................9 The Role of Healthy Soil ..................................................................................................................9 Regulations ......................................................................................................................... 11 Federal Regulations and Resource Agencies .................................................................................. 12 US EPA ................................................................................................................................................................. 12 Resource Agencies: DOE, BoR, USDA .................................................................................................................. 13 State Laws and Regulations .......................................................................................................... 13 Industry Strategy ................................................................................................................................................. 13 Regulations, a Driver of Innovation .................................................................................................................... 14 Regulatory Collaboration .................................................................................................................................... 14 Industrial Domains for Renewable Bioproducts.................................................................... 15 Wastewater Industry .................................................................................................................... 15 Wastewater Industry Overview .......................................................................................................................... 16 Trends ................................................................................................................................................................. 18 Environmental Issues .......................................................................................................................................... 18 Bioproduct Facility Needs ................................................................................................................................... 19 Municipal Solid Waste and Recycling ............................................................................................ 19 MSW and Recycling Industry Overview .............................................................................................................. 19 © 2016 Noble Resources Group Page 1 of 78 Trends ................................................................................................................................................................. 20 Environmental Issues .......................................................................................................................................... 22 Bioproduct Facility Needs ................................................................................................................................... 22 Agriculture ................................................................................................................................... 25 Agriculture Overview .......................................................................................................................................... 25 Trends ................................................................................................................................................................. 26 Environmental Issues .......................................................................................................................................... 28 Bioproduct Facility Needs ................................................................................................................................... 29 Silviculture ................................................................................................................................... 29 Silviculture Overview .......................................................................................................................................... 30 Trends ................................................................................................................................................................. 30 Environmental Issues .......................................................................................................................................... 32 Bioproduct Facility Needs ................................................................................................................................... 34 Feedstocks .......................................................................................................................... 35 Biosolids ...................................................................................................................................... 35 Food scraps .................................................................................................................................. 36 Woody material ........................................................................................................................... 39 Green material ............................................................................................................................. 41 Agricultural Residue ..................................................................................................................... 41 Manure ........................................................................................................................................ 43 Biomass Estimates ........................................................................................................................ 44 Processes ............................................................................................................................ 45 Chip and Grind ............................................................................................................................. 45 Composting .................................................................................................................................. 47 Anaerobic digestion ..................................................................................................................... 48 Thermochemical conversion ......................................................................................................... 52 Microbial fermentation ................................................................................................................ 53 Bioproducts ......................................................................................................................... 54 Mulch .......................................................................................................................................... 54 Digestate ..................................................................................................................................... 55 Compost ...................................................................................................................................... 56 Fertilizer ....................................................................................................................................... 59 Biochar ........................................................................................................................................ 61 Animal feed ................................................................................................................................. 63 © 2016 Noble Resources Group Page 2 of 78 Fuel.............................................................................................................................................. 64 Heat............................................................................................................................................. 65 Electricity ..................................................................................................................................... 65 Chemicals and Materials .............................................................................................................. 66 Markets............................................................................................................................... 67 Feedstocks 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