UC Berkeley Recent Work Title Planning for Shared Mobility Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0dk3h89p ISBN 9781611901863 Authors Cohen, Adam Shaheen, Susan, PhD Publication Date 2018-03-01 DOI 10.7922/G2NV9GDD eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California PAS REPORTPAS 583 P LANNING FOR SHARED MOBILITY American Planning Association 205 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 1200 Chicago, IL 60601-5927 planning.org | Cohen and Shaheen and Cohen PAS REPORT 5 8 3 A MERICAN PLANNING ASSOCIATION PLANNING FOR SHARED MOBILITY Adam Cohen and Susan Shaheen POWER TOOLS ABOUT THE AUTHORS APA RESEARCH MISSION Adam Cohen is a shared mobility researcher at the Transporta- tion Sustainability Research Center at the University of California, APA conducts applied, policy-relevant research Berkeley. Since joining the group in 2004, his research has focused that advances the state of the art in planning on shared mobility and emerging technologies. He has coauthored practice. APA’s National Centers for Plan- numerous articles and reports on shared mobility in peer-reviewed ning—the Green Community Research Center, journals and conference proceedings. His academic background is the Hazards Planning Research Center, and the in city and regional planning and international affairs. Planning and Community Health Research PAS SUBSCRIBERS GET EVERY NEW PAS REPORT, PLUS Center—guide and advance a research direc- Susan Shaheen is an adjunct professor in the Department of Civil THESE RESOURCES FOR EVERYONE IN THE OFFICE TO SHARE tive that addresses important societal issues. and Environmental Engineering and a research engineer with the APA’s research, education, and advocacy pro- Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California, grams help planners create communities of Berkeley. 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Michigan Ave., Suite 1200, Chicago, IL Transportation infrastructure is Fiscal impact analysis is a critical and Martin Jaffe 60601 (312-431-9100 or [email protected]) within 90 days one of the most pressing issues tool for communities of all sizes. This report tackles two of the of the publication date. Include the name of the publication, year, volume, for planners and communities This report, written by the lead- biggest questions facing plan- America is aging fast. How can and issue number or month, and your name, mailing address, and mem- today. This report looks at the ing national practitioner of fiscal ners today: What is sustainable communities rise to the chal- bership number, if applicable. urgency and severity of the chal- impact analyses, gives planners development, and how do we lenge? In clear, concrete terms, lenges, with leading researchers, a complete understanding of know when it’s working? 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TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 CHAPTER 1 SHARED MOBILITY: AN INTRODUCTION 8 What Is Shared Mobility? 9 History and Evolution of Shared Mobility 9 Shared Mobility and Planning 19 CHAPTER 2 THE IMPACTS OF SHARED MOBILITY 22 Data Challenges in Understanding Shared Mobility 23 Impacts of Ridesharing 23 Impacts of Carsharing 26 Impacts of Bikesharing 31 Impacts of Ridesourcing/Transportation Network Companies and Taxi Sharing 35 Overview: Impacts of Shared Mobility on Planning 37 CHAPTER 3 SHARED MOBILITY POLICIES 38 Policies Involving Public Rights-of-Way 40 Incentive Zoning 44 Transportation Demand Management 46 Insurance and On-Demand Ride Service Policies 46 Taxation 53 Developing Shared Mobility Policies 55 CHAPTER 4 DEVELOPING A SHARED MOBILITY PLANNING AND POLICY FRAMEWORK 56 Shared Mobility and Planning Processes 57 Policy Planning for Shared Mobility 62 Planning and Policy Making for Shared Mobility 65 CHAPTER 5 SUPPORTING SHARED MOBILITY 70 Becoming Partners of Shared Modes 71 Allocating Funds for Shared Mobility 72 Forming Risk-Sharing Partnerships 72 Giving Developer Incentives for the Inclusion of Shared Mobility 72 Supplying Access to Public Rights-of-Way 72 Issuing Requests for Proposals 72 Incorporating Shared Mobility into Plans and Planning Processes 73 Addressing Key Public Policy Issues Affecting Shared Mobility 73 Shared Mobility: Looking Forward 73 APPENDIX A SELECTED CITY PROFILES OF SHARED MOBILITY 76 APPENDIX B SHARED MOBILITY RESOURCES FOR PLANNERS 88 APPENDIX C UNWEIGHTED AGGREGATE SHIFT IN PUBLIC TRANSIT, SHARED, AND NON-MOTORIZED MODES (FREE-FLOATING ONE-WAY CARSHARING) 93 APPENDIX D RIDESOURCING/TRANSPORTATION NETWORK COMPANY INSURANCE LEGISLATION 96 GLOSSARY 97 REFERENCES 99 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 106 PLANNING FOR SHARED MOBILITY PAS 583, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In recent years, economic, environmental, and social forces have quickly given rise to the “sharing economy,” a collective of entrepreneurs and consumers leveraging technology to share resources, save money, and generate capital. Homesharing services, such as Airbnb, and peer-to-peer carsharing services, such as Getaround, have become part of a sociodemographic trend that has pushed the sharing economy from the fringe and more to the mainstream. The role of shared mobility in the broader landscape of urban mobility has become a frequent topic of discussion. Major shared transportation modes—such as bikesharing, carsharing, ridesourcing, and alternative transit services—are changing how people travel and are having a transformative effect on mobility and local planning. WHAT IS SHARED MOBILITY? • Environmental policy, conservation, and climate action: Shared mobility has the potential to reduce negative im- Shared mobility—the shared use of a vehicle, bicycle, or pacts commonly associated with surface transportation, other low-speed travel mode—is an innovative transporta- such as greenhouse gas emissions. tion strategy that enables users to have short-term access to a mode of transportation on an as-needed basis. Shared mobil- Because of the wide range of impacts, this report examines ity includes various service models and transportation modes the interdependencies, synergies, opportunities, and chal- that