Rock Lobster Enhancement & Aquaculture Subprogram: The Nutrition of Juvenile and Adult Lobsters to Optimise Survival, Growth and Condition Dr K. Williams Project No. 2000/212 Rock Lobster Enhancement and Aquaculture Subprogram: The Nutrition of Juvenile and Adult Lobsters to Optimize Survival, Growth and Condition Principal Investigator: Dr Kevin Williams CSIRO Division of Marine Research P.O. Box 120 Cleveland Qld 4163 Tel: (07) 3826 7284 Fax: (07) 3826 7222 Email: [email protected] National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-publication entry: Williams, Kevin, 1944- Rock lobster enhancement & aquaculture subprogram: The nutrition of juvenile and adult lobsters to optimize survival, growth and condition: Final report of Project 2000/212 to Fisheries Research and Development Corporation.. Bibliography ISBN 1 876 996 54 4 1. Spiny lobsters – Feeds and feeds. I. Fisheries Research and Development Corporation (Australia). II Title. November 2003 Copyright This work is copyright. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth), no part of this publication may be reproduced by any process, electronic or otherwise, without the specific written permission of the copyright owners. Neither may information be stored electronically in any form whatsoever without such permission. Table of Contents 1. NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY ......................................................................................... 3 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................... 6 3. BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................... 7 4. NEED ..................................................................................................................................... 8 5. OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................ 9 6. TECHNICAL REPORT....................................................................................................... 10 6.1 Effect of water immersion time on the preference of juvenile tropical spiny lobster Panulirus ornatus for feeds containing alternative natural foods .................................... 10 6.1.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................... 10 6.1.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 10 6.1.3 Methods................................................................................................................... 11 6.1.4 Results ..................................................................................................................... 15 6.1.5 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 19 6.1.6 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 23 6.1.7 References ............................................................................................................... 23 6.2 Diet immersion time: effects on growth, survival and feeding behaviour of juvenile southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii ............................................................................ 26 6.2.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................... 26 6.2.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 27 6.2.3 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................ 28 6.2.4 Results ..................................................................................................................... 31 6.2.5 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 35 6.2.6 References ............................................................................................................... 37 6.3 Apparent digestibility of potential ingredients as protein sources in formulated feeds for the southern rock lobster Jasus edwardsii ....................................................................... 40 6.3.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................... 40 6.3.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 40 6.3.3 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................ 41 6.3.4 Results ..................................................................................................................... 45 6.3.5 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 46 6.3.6 References ............................................................................................................... 48 6.4 Optimising dietary protein content for the tropical rock lobster Panulirus ornatus.......... 50 6.4.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................... 50 6.4.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 50 6.4.3 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................... 51 6.4.4 Results .................................................................................................................... 55 6.4.5 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 56 6.4.6 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 58 6.4.7 References ............................................................................................................... 59 6.5 Dietary carbohydrate:lipid ratios and nutritional condition in juvenile southern rock lobster, Jasus edwardsii ................................................................................................... 61 6.5.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................... 61 6.5.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 61 6.5.3 Materials and methods ............................................................................................ 62 6.5.4 Results ..................................................................................................................... 65 6.5.5 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 69 6.5.6 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 71 6.5.6 References ............................................................................................................... 71 i 6.6 Dietary astaxanthin requirement of juvenile tropical spiny lobster Panulirus ornatus ..... 75 6.6.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................... 75 6.6.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 75 6.6.3 Methods................................................................................................................... 76 6.6.4 Results ..................................................................................................................... 81 6.6.5 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 84 6.6.6 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 85 6.6.7 References ............................................................................................................... 86 6.7 Studies with adult J. edwardsii on improved feeding management .................................. 88 6.7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 88 6.7.2 Methods................................................................................................................... 88 6.7.3 Results ..................................................................................................................... 92 6.7.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 94 6.7.5 References ............................................................................................................... 95 7. STATUS OF DIET DEVELOPMENT FOR JUVENILE ROCK LOBSTERS .................. 97 7.1 Nutritional information for rock lobster diet development ............................................... 97 7.2 Suggested reference diet for future lobster diet development work ................................. 98 8. BENEFITS AND ADOPTION ............................................................................................ 99 9. FURTHER DEVELOPMENT ..........................................................................................