EARLY CHRISTAIN : key characteristics -baptistery MINOAN ETRUSCAN -mausoleum 3100-1100 BC 700-300 BC -martyria MINOAN : Knossos, Crete key characteristics EARLY -inverted columns* -space haphazardly -no city walls on flat -fasces; strength, -voussoir arch; underground -tuscan order* -fresco wall paintings CHRISTAIN organized around land DARK AGES power, unity sewage -clerestory windows 100-800 AD courtyard 1100-750 BC -pictio/proto writing ETRUSCAN : NE of Italy -modeled after roman floor & ceiling treatments -monarchies basillica, apse, altar, & nave -gypsum & limestone (floors) city characteristics -plaster & frescos (ceilings) -city states -plaster, fresco, marble facings -grid layouts (walls) -interior staircases -post & lintel -minotaur and the -steep hilltops -related to megaron below lightwells construction labyrinth -wood & adobe brick -high stone base -wide overhanging eves -stairs at front -3 room cella -addition of transept with nave, altar, &apse -climate change -ionic order* ROMAN EMPIRE : acroteriae entablature tympanum -roads -Pantheon cornice frieze -warrior aristocracy -corbel arches to -trusses to span -city walls; rubble, ashlar, & -barrel vault span space space cyclopian masonry -volcanic eruption architrave -groin vault -steep hills -doric order* -corinthian order* -bridges & roman temple : composite columns aqueducts columns*, engaged columns*, high platform base with stairs at front CLASSICAL stylobate -hypocaust MYCENEAN : Greece & Crete GREECE -king agamenmnon -tsunami 750-146 BC city characteristics -invasions -Megaron : -Atreus Tomb (1250 BC) : -ampitheatre significant architecture -maze like plan -loss of literacy great hall, porch, beehive tomb, corbel dome, -Parthenon (432 BC) : -megaron as crown jewel acropolis of Athens, ROMAN antehall entrance axis, buried in earth mound CLASSICAL GREECE : roman cities Colosseum roman residences MYCENEAN key characteristics embodiment of ideas of EMPIRE -grid layout, city 22-80 AD triclinum, tablinum, 1500-1100 BC classical greece, -entasis*; curvature of 753BC-476AD walls, double mote, -concrete, insulae, domus, athenian power -decline in population column shaft -golden ratio -caryatids* cardos, decumanos, repeating arches, villas, mosaics, -human proportion CAITLIN WALDRON forum in center Vespasian klines* IDE 254 JORG SCHNIER SPRING 2020 ISLAM : Mecca BYZANTINE : Constantinople INDUSTRIAL : England -minaret -stalactite dome OTTOMAN EMPIRE : -mosaics with gold backing, -changes in technology, in front of -caligraphy START OF on walls & ceilings agriculture, manufacturing, mosque -carved plaster & INDUSTRIAL ISLAMIC GOTHIC mining, & transportation. -i beam gyp. board LATE 18TH - CALENDAR 12TH-16TH C. -rose window: -pointed arch: -flying buttresses: -merchants, industrialists, construction 19TH C. 622 arab mosque -quincunx plan light stone inlay, reduces lateral supports spring bankers. -minaret -domes stained glass pressure point of arch -qibla wall -half domes GOTHIC : OTTOMAN BYZANTINE cross section -mirab niche -multiple domes -gargoyles & EMPIRE cross section 285-1453 -hypostyle prayer hall -apse chimeras 1453-1923 -factories -mass production -courtyard w. -St. Denis -skyscrapers of nails fountain -Abbot Suger -horizontal, low -Soloman’s ceiling Temple -dark, little natural -cross shaped plan plan plan; resurrection -ribbed vault light -impost block* ottoman mosque & salvation -windswept capital*, gothic cathedral -4 to 6 minarets -large piers -abstract geometric -railroads -sheet glass -cast iron blowing acanthus -flying buttresses, pointed arches, -tall, high ceilings -massive stone forms rather than construction plant & human leaves ribbed vaults, big windows with -lots of natural light interior stained glass -quincunx plan -polygon prayer hall ROMANESQUE : NEOCLASSICAL : -monasticism, pilgramages, REVIVALS : crusades, feudal Gothic Revival, Italian Villa, Octogon House, society Exotic Revivals, Stick Style, Romanesque Revival, Queen Anne, Shingle Style, Colonial -Frankish Empire -discovery of -triumphal arches -pediments -Charlemagne Revival, Fantasy Buildings. westwork paired columns, quions, -Palladian window Pompeii & over openings 800 -giant order defensive, lombard jambs, thick walls & small Herculaneum -Pope Leo III -broken pediment -onion dome bands, lesenes windows, rubble masonry merchant palace -colonnades & -board & batten MEDIEVAL heavy rustication BAROQUE : -corkscrew column* porticoes section -vergeboards DARK AGES on ground level -faux finishes modeled after -giant order NEOCLASSICAL RENAISSANCE -gilding Soloman’s temple 476-800 -trompe l’oeil -perspective pilasters -Federal Style 1750-1830 14TH-17TH C. -elipses -giant scrolls -octogon drawings house RENAISSANCE: Florence -undulating convex -cushion & -transverse arch -return of classical Greece ideals* and concave spaces historiated capital* -buttresses -ambulatory, ROMANESQUE -Leonardo da Vinci -frescos -religious paintings BAROQUE CENTURY OF -trompe l’oeil -victorian era : hallenkirche, 800-12TH C. -Filippo Brunelleschi -silk wall coverings 17TH-18TH C. REVIVALS -woven silk multiple carpets, projecting chapels -early & high Renaissance -printed wallpaper -Monticello, Jef- -White House, wallpapers, high 1830-1950 -minimal furniture -carved wood inlay wallpaper ferson Style Greek Revival -Louis XIV -staircases -putti decoration -semi circular arches -wheel window -becomes more decorated with time -marble facades -classical temple facade & symmetry on exterior ART NOUVEAU : Brussels DE STIJL : Netherlands BAUHAUS : Weimar, Germany INTERNATIONAL STYLE : Style free of classical -Walter Gropius -box like buildings R B connotations, wrought -Marcel Lajos Breuer -flat roofs POST MODERNISM : MEMPHIS : ART NOUVEAU iron, asymmetrical, plant Y -presence of primary colors INTERNATIONAL -open floor plans -”less is bore” -Ettora Sottsass -Shoji screens -Fusuma 1892-1910 like forms -Mies van der Rohe STYLE -expression of volume over -return of “wit, ornamnet, and MEMPHIS -post modern furniture, fabrics, walls -design inspired -primary -spiritual -flat roofs 1922 - PRESENT mass reference” in architecture 1981-1987 ceramics, glass, and metal objects -whiplash by art colors harmony -Robert Venturi -Italian Design Group JAPANESE -strip windows -balance over symmetery lines -expulsion of applied DESIGN BAUHAUS ornament POST 1853-PRESENT 1919-1925 MODERNISM -Paris DE STIJL -Tatami -Tokonoma; 1960/1970’S metro 1917-1930’s mats scrolls & ikebana entrance -Walter Gropius, Dessau JAPANESE DESIGN : -Gerrit Rietveld Separation from Western -steel furniture -strip windows -Charles -arm chair -wall mounted Culture, Taoism, Wabi Sabi, -Philip Johnson; -Christoph Mackler; Mackintosh shelving truth of materials, AT&T Building Residential Project architecture simplicity in design - & furniture connection to nature -bamboo -Bauhaus -nesting -Barcelona -coffee table -geometric patterns cradle tables chair -Robert Venturi; -Le Corbusier -Eileen Gray; E1027 Mother’s House ARTS & CRAFTS : FUTURISM : Italy CONSTRUCTIVISM : Soviet Union Enrich lives of artisan & CRAFTSMAN : America ULM SCHOOL : Germany SPACE AGE : HIGH TECH : DECONSTRUCTIVISM : -preference for B consumer, architectural honesty Plain, unadorned surfaces R -form follows function -shiny metallic surfaces -industrial aesthetic -aggressive industrial encourage use of natural -based on Bauhaus -plastic & plexi -belief that power of technology -unstable materials Y materials -science of design -streamline design improves the world -no symmetery -rejection of past -Stickley -primary colors -no human -implements modern design -capsule architecture -glass curtain wall & steel structure -dynamic -speed -steel girder -Shukhov -”architecture -rejection of furniture; scale -truth to materials -zero-gravity references -celebrates functional element of -pottery -machinery construction Tower must blaze” concrete & leather modern architecture -violence steel -youth ULM SCHOOL HIGH TECH ARTS & CRAFTS -industry FUTURISM 1953-1968 -Vaclav Aulicky 1970’S 1860-1910 -steel girder 1908-1985 -Space Television Tower -metals, hammered construction -Melnikov’s -horizontal Needle -Zaha Hadid; -hand labor -textiles metals Vitra Fire Station House skyscrapers -tripod chair resulted in DE- high costs CRAFTSMAN CONSTRUCTIVISM SPACE AGE LATE 1980’S- 1897-1930 CONSTRUCTIVISM 1960’S PRESENT 1920-1930’S -Libeskind; Jewish Meseum -truth to -wallpaper -mortise & -massive structures, bold diagonals, dynamic -Alexander Rodchenko’s materials tenon joints building volumes Worker’s Club -ulm stool -cirriculum model -bubble forms -Richard Rogers; Lloyd Building.