Technical Report - 2009 - 034 EUROPEAN UNION MANAGEMENT PLAN 2009-2011 GOLDEN PLOVER Pluvialis apricaria Disclaimer: This technical document has been developed through a collaborative programme involving the European Commission, all the Member States, the Accession Countries, Norway and other stakeholders and Non-Governmental Organisations. The document should be regarded as presenting an informal consensus position on best practice agreed by all partners. However, the document does not necessarily represent the official, formal position of any of the partners. Hence, the views expressed in the document do not necessarily represent the views of the European Commission. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union New freephone number: 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://ec.europa.eu). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2009 ISBN 978-92-79-13219-3 N° Catalogue KH-31-09-004-EN-N © European Communities, 2009 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. The European Commission (DG ENV B2) commissioned this Management Plan for the Golden Plover. This plan was completed in June 2006 by Arnaud Béchet (Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France). It was finalised by the European Commission in June 2009. Comments, data or general information to the final version were generously provided by: Gerald Adams, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Bonn, Germany. Sten Asbirk, Danish Ministry of the Environment, Forest and Nature Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark. Nicola Crockford and James Pearce-Higgins, RSPB, UK. Olivia Crowe and Steve Newton, Birdwatch Ireland, Ireland. Cy Griffin, Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU (FACE). Heikki Korpelainen, Finnish Ministry of the Environment, assisted by: Markku Mikkola-Roos, Finnish Environment Institute, Juha Tiainen and Martti Hario, Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, Matti Osara, Ministry of the Environment, Madeleine Nyman, Ministry of Forestry and Agriculture, Helsinki, Finland. Domingos Leitão, SPEA, Portugal. Krister Mild, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, Sweden. Bertarnd Trolliet, Office national de la Chasse et de la Faune sauvage, France. 2 Contents Executive summary .....................................................................................................................5 0. Introduction ........................................................................................................................7 1. Biological Assessment........................................................................................................8 General information .......................................................................................................8 Taxonomy.......................................................................................................................8 Populations.....................................................................................................................8 Population development.................................................................................................9 Distribution through out the annual cycle ....................................................................10 Survival and productivity .............................................................................................10 Life history ...................................................................................................................11 Habitat requirements ....................................................................................................12 2. Available key knowledge .................................................................................................14 3. Threats ..............................................................................................................................18 Habitat loss/ modification ............................................................................................18 Climate change.............................................................................................................19 Hunting.........................................................................................................................19 Disturbance...................................................................................................................20 Predation ......................................................................................................................20 4. Policies and legislation relevant for management ............................................................22 5. Framework for Action ......................................................................................................23 Priority statement/evaluation........................................................................................23 Purpose of the Management Plan.................................................................................23 Results for the period 2009 - 2011 ...............................................................................23 6. Activities...........................................................................................................................27 7. References ........................................................................................................................33 3 Tables Table 1. Geographical distribution of Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria during the breeding and winterings periods. .............................................................................................................13 Table 2. European breeding populations of Golden Plovers Pluvialis apricaria. ...................15 Table 3. European wintering populations of Golden Plovers Pluvialis apricaria. ..................16 Table 4. Information concerning hunting.................................................................................17 Table 5. Threats importance at national level..........................................................................21 Table 6. International conservation and legal status of the Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria.....................................................................................................................22 Table 7.Prioritized activities and results in all conutries in the EU with populations of Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria.........................................................................................................27 Table 8. Summary of objectives/ results and activities of the Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria Management Plan 2009 - 2011. ................................................................................................31 4 Executive summary The Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria is listed on Annex I, II/2 and III/2 of the EU Birds Directive as a species for which hunting is permitted. The Golden Plover has been identified as a bird species with an unfavourable conservation status within the EU due to a moderate historical decline in its EU breeding population. However, its pan-European population as a whole has a favourable conservation status (BirdLife International 2004a, b). This Management Plan outlines management prescriptions to maintain existing breeding populations, tentatively, restoring them where it seems feasible and maintaining favourable staging and wintering conditions along the flyway. It is aimed at all 27 Member States with breeding, wintering and staging populations of Golden Plovers. This plan outlines the managements to be taken in the period 2009 - 2011, and should be followed by new versions with revised objectives that take into account the results achieved during the first and following phases. Although some of the threats on this species have been clearly identified, most existing knowledge on this species comes from a few localised studies, mainly in the UK and in the Netherlands. The main threats to the Golden Plover in the EU are identified as (1) destruction/modification of the breeding habitats, linked to afforestation, agricultural intensification and possibly abandonment, (2) land-use change in staging and wintering areas and (3) hunting and climate change as possible aggravating factors. To reach its target, the Management Plan identifies thirteen operational objectives or Results that have to be achieved during its 3 - year (2009-2011) running period. These are: 1. Golden Plover hunting in EU Member States relies on reliable bag size statistics and on appropriate evaluations of the harvest potential. 2. The Golden Plover breeding habitat is managed where appropriate according to scientific empirical and experimental evidence favouring breeding productivity. In particular, areas should be managed to maintain populations of invertebrate prey, accessible to the Golden Plover through short swards. 3. Important staging grounds for the Golden Plover are managed according to scientifically empirical and experienced evidence securing access to feeding opportunities. 4. Golden Plover wintering habitat is managed according to scientific, empirical and experimental evidence favouring winter survival. In particular, nature-friendly agriculture is encouraged to maintain soil earthworms (and other invertebrates) populations. 5. In areas with