CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Communication is one of human behaviors in a society. It is used by people to do social interaction. Communication can not be separated from society because it is important part of them. It can also give an important role for people in society. The important role of communication is people can also get more information through the others. Communication also becomes a tool of interaction in human daily life. Communication means a process of exchanging information between one person to another person, through a symbol, a sign or attitude. In communication there is information, but there is also a process to give goods and services, and to convey information, like gossips, sharing, etc. The result of communication is a discourse. Discourse is an authentic product of socially linguistic interaction. In other word, discourse is a product when people use language as a tool to communicate with others. Discourse analysis also relates to communicative competence. Communicative competence extends to both knowledge and expectation of who may or may not speak in certain setting, when to speak and when to remain silent, to whom one may speak, and how one may talk to person of different status and role what non verbal behaviors are appropriate in various context, what the routines for turn taking are in conversation, how to ask and give information, how 1 2 to request, how to offer and decline assistance or cooperation, how to give commands, how to enforce discipline, and the like-in short, everything involving the use of language and another communicative modalities in particular social settings. Communicative competence means how to use language correctly and we have to be able to use our language ability in communication to the others. Communication is very important for people in their life to interact, because every person needs communicate to others everywhere. The concept of communication is used to identify specific setting and scene for communication. Ethnography of communication is the method of discourse analysis in linguistics which draws on the anthropological field of ethnography. “The ethnography of communication examines speech events within the social and cultural context in which they occur and in particular examines patters of language used in specific group, community, institution, and societies. A particular feature of ethnography of communication is that is has been discourse-centred since inception.” (Sherzen in Paltrige, (2000:61)). The ethnography of communication can show a character in each person and it can show where the person is. It can happen in the society, because people use language to communicate. Ethnography of communication has some key concepts, such as, speech community, speech situation, speech event, and speech act. In the ethnograpic research, there are several kinds of speech event: talk show, interview, news, wedding ceremony, presentation, weather forecast report and so on. 3 A talk show is a television program that takes place in the studio. A talk show usually talks about various topics, like politics, gossip, issues, celebrity scandals and etc. Sometimes, talk show features a panel of guests, usually consisting of a group of people who are learned or who have great experience in relation to whatever issue is being discussed on the show for that episode. Other times, a single guest discusses their work or area of expertice with a host or co- hosts. From the data, the researcher chooses the ethnography of communication as his final project because ethnography seems interesting and it is not limited. It is interesting to observe the customs and traditions of other people. Ethnography is a form or method of studying a way of life. Ethnography allows us to actually engage in a different way of life. It is one of the advantages of studying ethnography of communication. The reason for the analysis of the talk show by using the ethnography of communication is to find out the aspects of ethnography of communication according to Dell Hymes’ theory: setting and scene, participants, end, act sequence, key, instrumentality, norms, and genre. An ethnographic research in conversation seeks to describe the meanings of central themes in the life word of the subjects. The main task in conversation is to understand the meaning of what the participants say. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Based on the background above, the researcher focuses on the ethnography of communication in Oprah Winfrey talk show. Based on it, the researcher analyzes ethnography of communication which is used in the talk show by using 4 the following question: What are the elements of ethnography of communication found in Oprah Winfrey Talk Show Chapter 10 of A New Earth, Dated May 6, 2008?. 1.3 Scope of the Study This thesis is limited on discourse analysis of ethnography of communication. It concerns on ethnography of communication in Oprah Winfrey Talk Show Chapter 10 of A New Earth, Dated May 6, 2008. This thesis applies the ethnography of communication uses Hymes’ SPEAKING GRIDS (1972a, b:55-57). 1.4 Objective of the Study The objective of this study is to describe the elements of ethnography of communication found in Oprah Winfrey Talk Show Chapter 10 of A New Earth, Dated May 6, 2008 by using Hymes’ Speaking Grids. 1.5 Significance of the Study It is hoped that the result of this research have a contribution for other people who read this thesis and especially, it can be contributed for all of students who know about ethnography of communication very deeply in Dian Nuswantoro University. More detail, it is hoped that the result of this thesis will be: 1. A contribution to Dian Nuswantoro University, particularly for students of English department of faculty of Humanities. It is expected that by reading this thesis, students will be encouraged to seriously learn ethnography of communication very deeply. 2. This thesis can be useful for the researcher and other readers. 5 3. This thesis is also useful for the development of linguistic theory, especially in discourse analysis of ethnography of communication study. 4. It can be useful to analyze the ethnography of communication in broad society. 1.6 Thesis Organization The thesis consists of five chapters and is organized as follows: Chapter I presents the introduction that covers background of the study, statement of the problem, scope of the study, objective of the study, significance of the study. Chapter II presents review of related literature that covers communication (pattern of communication, means of communication), speech community (speech situation, speech event, speech act), communicative competence, communicative function, ethnography of communication, aspects of ethnography of communication and talk show. Chapter III presents research method that covers research design, unit of analysis, source of data, technique of data collection, and technique of data analysis. Chapter IV presents the data analysis that covers the analysis of the problem. Chapter V presents conclusion and suggestion. 6 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This part gives the explanation of some theories in relation to the problem of the study. It is very important and useful to be explained in discourse analysis, those theories are: communication (pattern of communication, means of communication), speech community (speech situation, speech event, speech act), communicative competence, communicative function, ethnography of communication, aspects of ethnography of communication and talk show. 2.1 Communication Communication is one of the most important thing in human life. It is always used by people to do social interaction, such as when we are talking with our friends or other people. Communication can not be separated from human because we always use it in our daily life. It becomes a tool of interaction with the other people. Communication is required by many people to get a new information and share their ideas. It appears and works very naturally since we were child. It can show our speaking ability in the public and it can show who that person is. By communication, we can also understand each other what we want to talk. Communication is one of those human activities that everyone recognizes but few can define satisfactorily. Communication is talking to one another; it is spreading information; it is our half style; and it is literary criticism; it is endless. 6 7 it means that communication involves at least two interactants: a speaker and hearer (sender-recipient, researcher-reader). Meanwhile, meanings, information, propositions, thought, ideas, beliefs, attitudes, emotions are sources of communication that are derived from the sender and transmitted to the hearer. It means that communication is a transfer of message from speaker to hearer. When people communicate to other people, they do not only select what message should be communicated, but also the way of conveying that message. Communication is a process of conveying an information from a speaker to a hearer by using a medium, namely language, because language is the most important element for creating a communication among two people or more. Communication requires that all parties have an area of communicative commonality. There are auditory means, such as speaking, singing and sometimes tone of voice, and nonverbal, physical means, such as body language, sign language, paralanguage, touch, eye contact, or the use of writing. Communication events involve actions of many kind, as such, events can be understood as the conduct social of actions, with communication act being the concept that brings together the performance of that action and its interpretation. So, pattern of communication is important within the process of communication. 2.1.1 Patterns of communication Communication may also be patterned according to particular role, status, and group identity within a society, such as: sex, age, social status, and occupation, e.g., a teacher has a different way of speaking from a doctor, a lawyer, or an insurance salesman.
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