WATER DESALINATION CONCENTRATE MANAGEMENT AND PILOTING SOUTH FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT DECEMBER 2009 Prepared By 1301 INTERNATIONAL PARKWAY • SUITE 550 • SUNRISE, FLORIDA 33323 • (954) 837- 0030 • FAX (954) 837- 0035 South Florida Water Management District Water Desalination Concentrate Management and Piloting TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES.1 Purpose ......................................................................................................... viii ES.2 Background ................................................................................................... viii ES.3 Project Components ........................................................................................ ix ES.4 Results and Recommendation ........................................................................ ix 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background ..................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Reverse Osmosis Technology ......................................................................... 3 2.0 SOURCE WATER AND CONCENTRATE DATA COLLECTION 2.1 Purpose ........................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Scope .............................................................................................................. 7 2.3 List of Water Treatment Facilities .................................................................... 8 2.4 Water Quality and Membrane Simulations ...................................................... 9 2.5 Water Quality Categories .............................................................................. 13 2.5.1 Category 1 - CaCO3, BaSO4, and SrSO4 ....................................... 13 2.5.2 Category 2 - CaSO4, CaCO3, BaSO4, and SrSO4 .......................... 13 2.5.3 Category 3 - CaSO4, CaCO3, BaSO4, and SrSO4 (Unique RO Feed) ........................................................................................ 15 2.5.4 Category 4 - Surface Water/Seawater ............................................ 15 2.6 Representative Facility for Each Water Quality Category .............................. 15 2.7 Summary ....................................................................................................... 16 3.0 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EXISTING PLANT TREATMENT SCHEMES 3.1 Purpose ......................................................................................................... 18 3.2 Scope ............................................................................................................ 18 3.3 Facility Process Analysis ............................................................................... 18 3.3.1 City of North Miami Beach, Norwood-Oeffler Water Treatment Plant ............................................................................................... 20 3.3.2 City of Deerfield Beach, West Water Treatment Plant ..................... 21 3.3.3 City of Hollywood Water Treatment Plant ........................................ 25 3.3.4 Marathon Seawater Desalination Facility ........................................ 25 3.4 Technology Feasibility Evaluation ................................................................. 28 3.4.1 Dual Reverse Osmosis with Intermediate Chemical Precipitation .................................................................................... 28 3.4.2 Thermal Evaporation (Brine Concentration) and Evaporation Pond ............................................................................................... 31 3.4.3 Thermal Evaporation (Brine Concentration) and Brine Crystallization ................................................................................. 35 i pw://Carollo/Documents/Client/FL/SFWMD/8178A00/Deliverables/Final Report.doc 3.4.4 Salt Extraction and Recovery .......................................................... 38 3.5 Comparison of the Concentrate Minimization Technologies and Pilot Study Recommendation .......................................................................................... 41 3.6 Summary ....................................................................................................... 43 4.0 EXAMINATION OF TECHNICAL, PERMITTING, AND IMPLEMENTATION FACTORS 4.1 Purpose ......................................................................................................... 44 4.2 Scope ............................................................................................................ 44 4.3 Background ................................................................................................... 44 4.4 Approach ....................................................................................................... 44 4.5 Regulations for Disposal of Reverse Osmosis Concentrate ........................... 45 4.5.1 Hazardous Waste ........................................................................... 46 4.5.2 Regulations Affecting Concentrate Disposal in the District .............. 48 4.6 Concentrate Disposal Systems...................................................................... 58 4.6.1 City of Deerfield Beach WTP .......................................................... 58 4.6.2 City of North Miami Beach WTP...................................................... 58 4.6.3 Florida Keys Aqueduct Authority Marathon Seawater Desalination Facility ........................................................................ 59 4.6.4 City of Hollywood Water Treatment Plant ........................................ 59 4.7 Effects of Increased Recovery ....................................................................... 60 4.7.1 Effect of Increased Recovery on RO Concentrate Water Quality ............................................................................................ 60 4.7.2 Predicted Solid Waste Composition ................................................ 63 4.7.3 Potential Effect of Concentrate Treatment on Waste Stream Disposal .......................................................................................... 63 4.8 Concentrate Minimization Technologies ........................................................ 67 4.8.1 Dual Reverse Osmosis with Intermediate Chemical Precipitation .................................................................................... 67 4.8.2 Thermal Evaporation and Brine Crystallizer .................................... 68 4.8.3 Thermal Evaporation and Evaporation Pond ................................... 68 4.8.4 Salt Extraction and Recovery .......................................................... 69 4.9 Summary ....................................................................................................... 69 5.0 ESTIMATION OF THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF IMPLEMENTING THE RECOMMENDED IMPROVEMENTS 5.1 Purpose ......................................................................................................... 72 5.2 Scope ............................................................................................................ 72 5.3 Approach ....................................................................................................... 72 5.4 Treatment Alternatives .................................................................................. 73 5.5 Flows for Cost Opinions ................................................................................ 73 5.6 Assumptions for Cost Opinions ..................................................................... 77 5.6.1 Common Assumptions .................................................................... 77 5.6.2 Other Assumptions for Concentrate Treatment Operations ............. 79 5.7 Cost Opinions ................................................................................................ 81 5.7.1 North Miami Beach WTP ................................................................ 81 5.7.2 Hollywood WTP .............................................................................. 85 5.7.3 Deerfield Beach WTP ..................................................................... 89 5.7.4 Cost Comparison and Conclusions ................................................. 93 6.0 PILOT STUDY 6.1 Purpose ......................................................................................................... 94 ii pw://Carollo/Documents/Client/FL/SFWMD/8178A00/Deliverables/Final Report.doc 6.2 Background ................................................................................................... 94 6.3 Objectives ..................................................................................................... 95 6.4 Materials and Methods .................................................................................. 95 6.4.1 Bench Scale Tests .......................................................................... 95 6.4.2 Pilot Unit Process Description ......................................................... 95 6.4.3 Pilot Operation ................................................................................ 99 6.4.4 Schedule ....................................................................................... 101 6.4.5 Sampling and Analysis .................................................................. 101 6.4.6 Roles and Responsibilities ............................................................ 104 6.5 Results and Discussion ..............................................................................