Abbreviations Austria, Austria, Stenographische Sitzungs-Protokolle der Protokolle Delegation des Reichsrathes: Neunundvierzigste Session: Budapest 1914 Berchtold Diary 'Memoiren des Grafen Leopold Berchtold' Conrad Franz Conrad von Hotzendorf, Aus meiner Dienstzeit Documents Serbie Documents sur la politique exterieure du Royaume de Serb ie, 1903-1914 [Documenti 0 spoljnoj politici Kraljevine Srbije, 1903-1914} GP Die grosse Politik der europiiischen Kabinette, 1871- 1914 HHStA Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Vienna JMH Journal of Modem History KA Kriegsarchiv, Vienna KD Outbreak of the World War: German Documents Collected by Karl Kautsky (Kautsky Documents) KM Pras Kriegsminsterium Prasidial Series MKFF Militarkanzlei des Generalinspektors der gesamten bewaffneten Macht (Franz Ferdinand), Kriegsarchiv, Vienna MKSM Militarkanzlei Seiner Majestat des Kaisers (Franz Joseph), Kriegsarchiv, Vienna MOS Mitteilungen des Osterreichischen Staatsarchivs NFF Nachlass Franz Ferdinand, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Vienna PA Politisches Archiv, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Vienna ~UA Osterreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik von der Bosnischen Krise 1908 bis zum Kriegsausbruch 1914 VA Verwaltungsarchiv, Vienna 217 Notes and References l. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM: GREAT POWER OR DOOMED ANACHRONISM? I. The quotes are from Joachim Remak, 'The Healthy Invalid: How Doomed the Habsburg Monarchy?', Journal of Modern History [hereafter JMHJ, XLI Uune 1969) 131-2. On the history of the monarchy, these works remain standard: A. J. May, The Hapsburg Monarchy, 1867-1914 (Cam­ bridge, Mass., 1951); A. J. P. Taylor, The Habsburg Monarchy, 1809-1918 (London, 1948); C. A. Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 1790-1918 (London, 1968); Robert A. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526- 1918 (Berkeley, Calif., 1974); J6zsef Galantai, Die Osterreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie und der Weltkrieg (Budapest, 1979); and two recent surveys, John W. Mason, The Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1867-1918 (New York, 1985) and Alan Sked, The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815-1918 (London, 1989). For a contemporary account, now much neglected, see Heinrich Kanner, Kaiserliche Katastrophenpolitik (Leip­ zig, 1922); and for a dashing account, Winston S. Churchill, The Unknown War: The Eastern Front (New York, 1932). 2. For an overall survey of the monarchy's foreign policy, see F. R. Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo: The Foreign Policy of Austria-Hungary, 1866-1914 (London, 1972); also Luigi Albertini, The Origins of the War of 1914, trans. and ed. Isabella Massey, 3 vols (London, 1952-7), I, p.p. 1-64. A scathing indictment is Anton Mayr-Harting, Der Untergang: Osterreich­ Ungarn, 1848-1922 (Vienna, 1988). 3. On the intellectual atmosphere of the monarchy during these years, see William M. Johnston, The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848-1938 (Berkeley, Calif., 1972) pp.45-75; John Lukacs, Budapest 1900: A Historical Portrait of a Ciry and its Culture (New York, 1988); Peter Gay, Freud: A Life for Our Time (New York, 1988); Edward Timms, Karl Kraus: Apocalyptic Satirist: Culture and Catastrophe in Habsburg Vienna (New Haven, Conn., 1986). Also see the very important article by R.J. W. Evans, 'The Habsburg Monarchy and the Coming of the War', in The Coming of the First World War, eds R.J. W. Evans and Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann (Oxford, 1988) pp.33-55. 4. The following assessment draws heavily upon Schicksalsjahre Oster­ reicks, 1908-1919: Das politische Tagebuch Jose] Redlicks, ed. Fritz Fellner, 2 vols (Graz, 1953-4); Joseph M. Baernreither, Fragments of a Political Diary, ed. Josef Redlich (London, 1930); Franz Conrad von Hotzendorf, Aus meiner Dienst<;eit, 1906-1918, 5 vols (Vienna, 1921-5) [hereafter, Conrad). 218 NOTES AND REFERENCES 219 5. S. R. Williamson, 'The Origins of World War 1', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, XVIII (Spring 1988) 795-818. 6. Leslie C. Tihany, 'The Austro-Hungarian Compromise, 1867-1918: A Half Century of Diagnosis; Fifty Years of Post-Mortem', Central Euro­ pean History, II (1969) 114-38. 7. Frederic Morton, Thunder at Twilight: Vienna 191311914 (New York, 1989) p. 19; Morton's volume is entertaining but not reliable. Also see Andrew G. Whiteside, The Socialism of Fools: Georg Ritter von SchOnerer and Austrian Pan-Germanism (Berkeley, Calif., 1975); John W. Boyer, Political Radicalism in Late Imperial Vienna: Origins of the Christian Social Movement, 1848-1897 (Chicago, 1981). 8. Baernreither worried about the South Slav question in detail; also see the letters of R. W. Seton-Watson to political figures inside the monarchy, R. W. Seton-Watson and the Yugoslavs: Correspondence, 1906-1941, ed. Hugh Seton-Watson et aI., 2 vols (London, 1976). 9. Josef Redlich, Austrian War Government (New Haven, Conn., 1929) stresses this point. Also see Carl E. Schorske, Fin-de-Siecle Vienna: Politics and Culture (New York, 1980); David S. Luft, Robert Musil and the Crisis of European Culture, 1880-1942 (Berkeley, Calif., 1980); Solomon Wank, 'The Austrian Peace Movement and the Habsburg Ruling Elite, 1906-1914', in Peace Movements and Political Cultures, eds Charles Chatfield and Peter van den Dungen (Knoxville, Tenn., 1988) pp.40-63. 10. Andrew Rossos, Russia and the Balkans: Inter-Balkan Rivalries and Russian Foreign Policy, 1908-1914 (Buffalo, NY, 1981). II. On society and the military, see Joseph Roth's powerful novel, The Radetzky March, trans. Eva Tucker (Woodstock, NY, 1983). 12. On the impact of domestic pressures on foreign policy, see Oscar Jaszi, The Dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy (Chicago, 1929) and Arno J. Mayer, The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War (New York, 1981). 2. THE DOMESTIC CONTEXT OF HABSBURG FOREIGN POLICY I. On the struggle between Austria and Prussia for the domination of Germany, see Heinrich Lutz, Zwischen Habsburg und Preussen: Deutschland, 1815-1866 (Berlin, 1985) and Osterreich-Ungam und die Griindung des Deutschen Reiches: Europiiische Entscheidungen, 1867-1871 (Frankfurt, 1979); and the essays in Heinrich Lutz and Helmut Rumpler (eds), Osterreich und die deutsche Frage im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert: Probleme der politisch-staatlichen und soziokulturellen Differenzierung im deutschen Mittel­ europa (Munich, 1982). 2. Anton Vantuch and L'udovit Holotik (eds), Der osterreichisch­ ungarische Ausgleich 1867 (Bratislava, 1971); Peter Berger (ed.), Der osterreichisch-ungarische Ausgleich von 1867: Vorgeschichte und Wirkungen (Vienna, 1967); and Tihany, 'The Austro-Hungarian Compromise', analyse these arrangements. But two older works are also valuable; Louis Eisen­ mann, Le Compromis austro-hongrois de 1867: Etude sur Ie dualisme (Paris, 220 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND THE ORIGINS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR 1904); Edmund Bernatzik, Die osterreichischen Verfassungsgesetze mit Erliiuterungen, 2nd ed. (Vienna, 1911). 3. A brief summary of the arrangements is found in Kann, History, pp.331-42: also Adam Wandruszka and Peter Urbanitsch (eds), Die Habsburgermonarchie, 1848-1918, vol. II: VeTU!altung und Rechtswesen (Vienna, 1975); Redlich, War Government; Peter Hanak, Ungarn in der Donaumonarchie (Vienna, 1984). 4. Henry Wickham Steed, The Times of London correspondent in Vienna from 1902 to 1913, gave a harsh assessment at the time in The Hapsburg Monarchy, 2nd ed. (London, 1914). 5. There is no comprehensive study of Austrian domestic politics for the last years before the war; but see William A. Jenks, The Austrian Electoral Reform of 1907 (New York, 1950), and the sarcastic assessment in Mayr­ Harting, DeT Untergang, pp.616-95. Alexander Fussek has written fre­ quently about Stiirgkh; e.g., 'Graf Stiirgkh und Graf Tisza', Osterreich in Geschichte und Literatur, VIII (1964) 427-31. 6. Miklos Komjathy has written extensively about the Common Ministerial Council; see his introduction to Protokolle des Gemeinsamen Ministerrates der Osterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1914-1918 (Buda­ pest, 1966) pp. 1-137. Publication of the minutes of the Council is now underway. A few of the more important sets of minutes for the years after 1908 may be found in Ludwig Bittner and Hans Ubersberger (eds), Osterreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik von deT Bosnischen Krise 1908 bis zum Kriegsausbruch 1914, 9 vols (Vienna, 1930) [hereafter OUA]. The original minutes are in the Politisches Archiv, Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Vienna, XL/278-3I5 [hereafter PA]. 7. The minutes of the Austrian Cabinet were almost completely des­ troyed in the Justice Palace fire in Vienna in 1927; scattered fragments may be found, including an index, in the Verwaltungsarchiv, Vienna, [hereafter VA]. 8. For a lively, perceptive analysis of the Hungarians and foreign policy; see Istvan Dioszegi, Hungarians in the Ballhausplatz: Studies on the Austro­ Hungarian Common Foreign Policy, trans. Kornel Balas and Mary Boros (Budapest, 1983). Also see Gabor Vermes, Istvan Tisza: The Liberal Vision and Conservative Statecraft of a Magyar Nationalist (New York, 1985). 9. German translations of the Hungarian Cabinet minutes may be found in 'Ungarische Ministerrats-Protokolle', Haus-, Hof- und Staats­ arch iv, Vienna [hereafter HHStA]. 10. On Burian's role, see part of his diary edited by Istvan Dioszegi, 'Aussenminister Stephan Graf Burian: Biographie und Tagebuchstelle', Annales Universitatis Scientiarum Budapestinensis de Kolando Eotvos Nomin­ ate: Sectio Historica, VIII (Budapest, 1966) pp. 161-208; also Galantai, Monarchie, pp. 154-6. 11. Eisenmann thought the Delegations the most original of the constitu­ tional