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These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. U niversi^ Micronlnns International 300 N.Zeeb Road Ann Arbor. Ml 48106 8413984 Nespor, Robert Paschal THE EVOLUTION OF THE AGRICULTURAL SETTLEMENT PATTERN OF THE SOUTHERN CHEYENNE INDIANS IN VtfESTERN OKLAHOMA. 1876-1930 The University of Oklahoma Ph.D. 1984 University Microfilms 1 nternetionsiaoo N.Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V 1. Glossy photographs or pages. 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print_____ a Photographs with dark background_____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy. 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page. 7. 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Other______________________ :_ '______ _________ University Microfilms International THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE THE EVOLUTION OF THE AGRICULTURAL SETTLEMENT PATTERN OF THE SOUTHERN CHEYENNE INDIANS IN (VESTERN OKLAHOMA, 1876-1930 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By ROBERT PASCHAL NESPOR NORMAN OKLAHOMA 1984 THE EVOLirnON OF THE AGRICULTURAL SETTLEMENT PATTERN OF THE SOUTHERN CHEYENNE INDIANS IN WESTERN OKLAHOMA, 1876-1930 A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Work on this dissertation vas done in connection with graduate study at the University of Oklahoma. Some of the research and analysis was undertaken in connection with a project co-funded by the National Science Foundation (Award No. BNS 80-14119) and the National Institute of Health (Grant No. 1 ROl HD14910-01), titled "Social Structure of the Southern Cheyennes, 1864-1928," under the direction of Dr. John Moore, Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma. A great debt of gratitude is owed to the members of my dissertation committee: Dr. Stephen I. Thompson; Dr. William Bittie; Dr. Joseph Whitecotton; Dr. John Moore; Dr. Susan Vehik; Dr. Will Scott; and Dr. Donald J. Berthrong. Special thanks must be extended to Dr. Thompson, for general support, but also for developing my interest in ecological anthropology. Dr. Berthrong criticized this work in greatest detail; the criticism was constructive. Without a great deal of encouragement from the staff of the Oklahoma State Historical Society, Archives and Manuscripts Division, this work would have been impossible. I wish to thank, especially. Senior Archivist Mary Lee Boyle. Finally, I wish to say that I learned a great deal from many fellow students in Anthropology, and I wish to thank Jeanne Marie Simonelli in particular. H i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................... iii LIST OF TABLES ........................... v LIST OF M A P S ............................. Vi LIST OF CHARTS........................... viii LIST OF FIGURES.......................... ix ABSTRACT................................. x Chapter I. INTRODUCnON........................ 1 II. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK................. 35 III. THE GEOGRAPHY OF RESERVA'»” nN SEDENTARY TRENDS, BEFORE ALLOTMENT ............ 105 IV. FOUNDATIONS OF CHEYENNE AGRICULTURE IN WESTERN OKLAHOMA .................... 186 V. ECOLOGY OF FARM FAILURE IN WESTERN OKLAHOMA........................... 282 VI. THE ALLOTMENT MATRIX .................. 341 VII. CONCLUSION...........................417 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................. 438 iv LIST OF TABLES TABLE Page I. Cross-Product ("Odds”) Ratio (Û) Agricultural Faction vs. Leasing Faction ................ 169 II. Example of Quarter-to-Quarter, Year-to-Year Variation in Ration Band Membership ......... 171 III. Age Distribution of Southern Cheyenne Mortality in the Year Following Allotment................................. 386 IV. Indices of Population Replacement Potential For the Southern Cheyennes.................. 387 LIST OF MAPS MAPS Page I. Cattle Corporation Leases (1883-1885), and Concentrations of Cheyenne Allotment Selections............................... 15 II. Oklahoma Counties Comprising the Cheyenne and Arapano Settlement Area, and Principal Towns of the Re g i o n....................... 38 III. Cheyenne and Arapaho Agencies and Farm Districts................................ 39 IV. Some Major Rivers of the Central and Southern Plains .......................... 107 V. Some Rivers, Creeks, and Trails of Western Oklahoma................................ 108 VI. Blaine and Whitehorse-Dog Creek Formations of the Permian "Red Beds" of Western Oklahoma, Indicating the Areas of Major Canyons in the Region ..................... 120 VII. 1881 Farmers Who Can Be Identified with 1891-1892 Allottees ....................... 133 vi VIII. 1881 Freighters Who Can Be Identified with 1891-1892 Allottees ....................... 134 IX. Timber Resources of Western Oklahoma and Kansas .... 151 X. Region of Extensive Surface Strata of Soil A l g a e .................................. 163 XI. 1891 Allotment Selections by Family Heads of the Camp Led by Young Whirlwind........... 252 vii LIST OF CHARTS CHARTS Page I. Intermittent Fever Incidence ("Quotidian" and "Tertian"), Cheyenne and Arapaho Reservation, 1876......................... 138 II. Intermittent Fever Incidence ("Quotidian" and "Tertian"), Cheyenne and Arapaho Reservation, 1878 (July-December) .......... 139 III. Intermittent Fever Incidence ("Quotidian" and "Tertian"), Cheyenne and Arapaho Reservation, January 1880-July 1881 ........ 140 IV. Intermittent Fever Incidence ("Quotidian" and "Tertian"), Cheyenne and Arapaho Reservation, July 1884-December 1885 ....... 141 viii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES Page I. Relationship of Wheat Yield (Bushels-per-Acre) to Annual Precipitation (Inches), Averaged Over Eight Northwestern Oklahoma Counties, 1911-1932 ............................... 311 II. Estimated Residuals from Regression of Wheat Yield Upon Precipitation............. 315 III. Rearrangement of a Western Oklahoma Farm For Efficient Tractor U s e .................. 359 IV. Kingfisher Allotments Cultivated by Cheyennes, with no Acreage Under Lease, 1912-191 6 ............................... 362 ix ABSTRACT The development, or lack of development, of American Indian agriculture after the subjugation of the Indians by European-Americans, has often been studied as merely one component of the general accommodation ("acculturation"), or failure of accommodation, of Indian societies to non-Indian cultures. In this dissertation, however, the methods of ethnohistorical research are employed to demonstrate that the rate of adoption of economically advantageous agricultural innovations among the Southern Cheyenne Indians of western Oklahoma, during the time period 1876-1930, was not necessarily associated with the adoption of many other aspects of non-Indian culture. In particular, it is shown that the non-Indian ideal, enforced to some extent by the Bureau of Indian Affairs within the context of general allotment policy, of a settlement pattern characterized by independent, dispersed, nuclear-family farmsteads was not necessarily conducive to