N G L I S H C O A S T D EFE NCE S F RO M R OM A N ’ T I M E S T O T H E E A R L Y Y E A R S O F T H E N I N E T E E N T H C E N T U R Y BY GE O RG E C L I N C H LO N DO N G . B E L L A N D S O NS , LTD . I 9 1 5 ($513m P R E S S : C H A R L E S WHI T T INGH A M T oozcs. CO U R T C H A C E RY L A E L ON e N N , T H E R I G HT HO N O U R A B L E P U O U M . ARTH R JAM ES BALF R , FI R S T L OR D O F T H E A DM I R A L TY T H E S E P A G E S A R E I N S CR I B E D 4 46 9 2 9 P RE F A C E - o f H E intricate coast li ne E ngland , so f d di ficult for an enemy to blocka e , so di fficult at every point for combined naval and military forces to defend against raiders , presents to the student of history an extremely i nteresting subj ect . I t is to its i nsularity that o f E ngland owes something its greatness , and to the great length of its coast - line that its vulnerability is due . The present book represents the results of a study of the methods and means by which E ngland , from Roman times down to the early years of the nineteenth century , has defended her shores against various over- sea w h o en emies , have attempted , sometimes suc ces s ful l . y , to invade and conquer P RE FAC E The author wishes to return thanks for the loan of blocks used in illustration o f this volume , particularly to the Society of Anti u a r i es . I O I I 2 1 2 q for Figs 3, , , 9 , 3 , 3 ; the i 1 Royal Archaeological I nstitute for F gs . , 4, 1 1 8 7 , 3, ; the Kent Archaeological Society . 8 0 2 for Figs 37 , 3 , 39 , 4 , 4 , 43 ; the pro “ $ p ri eto rs of the Vi ctoria H istory and Pro s s r H a r d I fe o ve fi el for Fig . 5 and the Technical i . J ournals , L mited , and M r . A . W Clapham , for Fig . 2 4. The corrected proof- sheets of the book have been submitted to the proper authorities at f the War O fice , and that Department has sanctioned the publication of the volume . CO NT E NTS P R E FA C E L I S T O F I L L U S TR ATI O N S P A R T I P R E H I S TO RI C C A M P S T H E R O M A N I NV A S I ON O F B R ITA I N T H E COU NT O F T H E S A XON S H O R E R O M A N CO A S T F O RT R E S S E S P A R T I I T H E S A XON S E TTL E M E NT O F E N G L A N D D A N I S H I NCU R S I ON S A N D C A M P S T H E N O R M A N I N V A S I ON O F E N G L A N D NO R M A N CO A S T C A S T L E S P A RT I I I M E DI A E V A L CA S T L E S A N D W A L L E D TOWN S O N T H E CO A S T P A RT I V CO A S T D E FE N C E S U ND E R H E N R Y V I I I A N D L AT E R O N T H E E A S T Co A S T s O F K E N T A N D S U S S E X x CO NT E NTS P A G E O F T H E E S T U A R I E S O F T H E TH A M E S T H E M E D W A Y E T C . , O F T H E S O U T H CO A S T P A RT V M I S C E L L A N E O U S D E FE NC E S T H E N A V Y T H E CI N QU E PO RT S D E FE N S I VE H A I N S C , T H E CO A S T GU A R D I N D E X L I ST O F J L L US T RA T I O N S P A G E ’ ' E E e F r mztzls z DOV R CAS TL . Buck s ngraving p ece GA R I A N N ON U M A S L E (BURGH C T ) . Plan GA R I A N N ON UM A L E (BURGH C S T ) . Plan pub li s h ed in 1 7 7 6 E S E S E A W T M R . Plan of Roman building RE L E L E GU BIUM (R CU V R) . Plan RE GUL BIUM Roman masonry E L E T h e h R CU V R . ruins of t e church P A R RUTU I E ( ICHBOROUGH) . Plan E L E 1 R CU V R . From a print publish ed in 78 1 RICHBOROUGH . Roman masonry of north wall E A N A S . e DOV R , ROM PH RO El vation of north S id e E R AN A S . e DOV R , OM PH RO S ction Y M L N E . Roman walls Y L M N E . Plan E E N E P V S Y . Bastion E S E PORCH T R . Plan - PORCH E S TE R . Wat er gat e E E PORCH S T R . Ext erior of w est wall E SHO BURY . Plan of Danish camp A . N e 1 80 Y RMOUTH orth Gat , 7 A . e 1 80 Y RMOUTH South Gat , 7 W ’ P S . e e 1 8 I ICH St Matth w s Gat , 7 5 O D CA S L E L 1 8 1 0 RFOR T , SUFFO K , X 1 L I ST O F I L L U ST RAT I O N S C WL N CA S L E E N 1 8 O I G T , K T , 7 4 E E N CAS L E E N . QU BOROUGH T , K T Plan E E N CA S L E E N . V e 1 8 QU BOROUGH T , K T i w in 7 4 CAN TE RBURY CA S T L E I N T H E EIGHT E E N TH C E N $ TURY AN D W E N e e S ICH , K T . Fish r Gat AN D W N E . S ICH , K T Barbican ’ — E . e e e DOV R Bird s y Vi w of town and harbour , temp . Qu een Eli z ab eth L W D h e e A CAS L E E N . T e S T OO T , K T Gat H ous S A B fem. N E N V PORT MOUTH H R OUR , p KI G H RY I I I S E A CAS L E tem. N E N V SOUTH T , p KI G H RY I I I M N SOUTHA PTO . Plan E AL CA S L E E N D T , K T TI L BURY FORT I N T H E YE AR 1 588 TI L BURY FORT I N T H E YE AR 1 80 8 ’ G E N E RA L PL AN OF H E N RY VI I I S B L OCKHOU S E S ON KE N T A N D SUS S E X COAS T S AN D WN AS L E S O C T . Plan E L L D A CA S T E . Plan AL M E A L W R C S T E . Plan WAL M E R CAS TL E FROM T H E N ORTH D SAN GAT E CA S T L E . Plan CAM B E R CAS T L E . Plan U P N OR CA S L E E N T , K T S CAS L E AN S HUR T T , H T PA RT I PRE HI STO RI C CAM PS T H E RO MAN I N VAS I O N O F B RITAI N T H E CO U N T O F T H E SAXO N S H O RE RO MAN COAST FO RTRESSES E NGLI S H COA ST DE FE N C E S P RE H I STO R I C CA M PS O U N D the coast of E ngland there are many prehistoric earthworks of great extent an d strength .