Safety Reports Series No.47 Radiation Protection in the Design of Radiotherapy Facilities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he following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GHANA PAKISTAN ALBANIA GREECE PANAMA ALGERIA GUATEMALA PARAGUAY ANGOLA HAITI PERU ARGENTINA HOLY SEE PHILIPPINES ARMENIA HONDURAS POLAND AUSTRALIA HUNGARY PORTUGAL AUSTRIA ICELAND QATAR AZERBAIJAN INDIA REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BANGLADESH INDONESIA ROMANIA BELARUS IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELGIUM IRAQ SAUDI ARABIA BELIZE IRELAND SENEGAL BENIN ISRAEL SERBIA BOLIVIA ITALY SEYCHELLES BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAMAICA SIERRA LEONE BOTSWANA JAPAN SINGAPORE BRAZIL JORDAN SLOVAKIA BULGARIA KAZAKHSTAN SLOVENIA BURKINA FASO KENYA SOUTH AFRICA CAMEROON KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SPAIN CANADA KUWAIT SRI LANKA CENTRAL AFRICAN KYRGYZSTAN SUDAN REPUBLIC LATVIA SWEDEN CHAD LEBANON SWITZERLAND CHILE LIBERIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC CHINA LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA TAJIKISTAN COLOMBIA LIECHTENSTEIN THAILAND COSTA RICA LITHUANIA THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CÔTE D’IVOIRE LUXEMBOURG REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CROATIA MADAGASCAR TUNISIA CUBA MALAYSIA CYPRUS MALI TURKEY CZECH REPUBLIC MALTA UGANDA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS UKRAINE OF THE CONGO MAURITANIA UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DENMARK MAURITIUS UNITED KINGDOM OF DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MEXICO GREAT BRITAIN AND ECUADOR MONACO NORTHERN IRELAND EGYPT MONGOLIA UNITED REPUBLIC EL SALVADOR MOROCCO OF TANZANIA ERITREA MYANMAR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ESTONIA NAMIBIA URUGUAY ETHIOPIA NETHERLANDS UZBEKISTAN FINLAND NEW ZEALAND VENEZUELA FRANCE NICARAGUA VIETNAM GABON NIGER YEMEN GEORGIA NIGERIA ZAMBIA GERMANY NORWAY ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. SAFETY REPORTS SERIES No. 47 RADIATION PROTECTION IN THE DESIGN OF RADIOTHERAPY FACILITIES INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2006 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Sales and Promotion, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books © IAEA, 2006 Printed by the IAEA in Austria September 2006 STI/PUB/1223 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Radiation protection in the design of radiotherapy facilities. — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2006. p. ; 24 cm. — (Safety reports series, ISSN 1020–6450 ; no. 47) STI/PUB/1223 ISBN 92–0–100505–9 Includes bibliographical references. 1. Radiation — Safety measures. 2. Radiotherapy. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. II. Series. IAEAL 06–00448 FOREWORD The incidence of cancer throughout the world is increasing with the prolonged life expectancy that has resulted from improvements in standards of living. About half of all cancer patients receive radiotherapy, either as part of their primary treatment or in connection with recurrences or palliation. The IAEA has estimated that approximately 2500 teletherapy machines were in use in 1998 in developing countries and that 10 000 such machines may be needed by 2015. This Safety Report was initiated as a result of an expected increase in the construction of radiotherapy facilities, and in response to Member States that have requested practical guidance regarding the design and shielding of such facilities. The objective of this report is to elaborate on the requirements for the design and shielding of radiotherapy facilities prescribed in Appendix IV of the International Basic Safety Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation, Safety Series No. 115. This report gives guidance on the design of radiotherapy facilities and describes how the required structural shielding should be determined. Methods for determining the necessary structural shielding for external beam units (60Co units, linear accelerators, superficial and orthovoltage units and simulators) are given as well as shielding for brachytherapy units. Data used for determining the structural shielding necessary for all types of radiotherapy facilities are reproduced in this report, and example calculations are provided for each type of facility. The design of facilities so that security objectives for radioactive sources can be met is also addressed in this publication. This Safety Report is intended to be used primarily by health physicists, medical physicists and other radiation protection professionals in the planning and design of new radiotherapy facilities and in the remodelling of existing facilities. Sections of the report will also be of interest to architects, civil engineers, hospital administrators and others who are concerned with the design of radiotherapy facilities. In addition, the guidance in this report will be useful to regulatory personnel responsible for the licensing and inspection of these facilities. The IAEA expresses its gratitude to the two consultants who prepared this report — H.M. Morgan of the Royal United Hospital, Bath, United Kingdom, and R.K. Wu of the Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, and Ohio Health Hospitals, Columbus, Ohio, USA. The IAEA officer responsible for this report was E. Reber of the Division of Radiation, Transport and Waste Safety. EDITORIAL NOTE This report does not address questions of responsibility, legal or otherwise, for acts or omissions on the part of any person. Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this publication, neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from its use. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1. Background . 1 1.2. Objective . 1 1.3. Scope . 1 1.4. Structure . 3 2. TERMINOLOGY . 4 2.1. Radiation barriers and mazes . 4 2.2. Controlled and supervised areas . 4 2.3. Workloads, use