Report: “Public regulation through private litigation. Consequences for political choice” Author: Christoph Strünck Document identifier D8.3 Report: “Public regulation through private litigation. Consequences for political choice” Version Final Date due M35 Submission date 30.04.2016 Work Package 8 Political rights Lead beneficiary 1 Universiteit Utrecht Dissemination level PU 1 Change log Version Date Amended by Changes Final 30.04.2016 Christoph Strünck Final version of the D8.3 report Partners involved in this deliverable Beneficiary number Partner People involved 10 University of Siegen Christoph Strünck Olga Sendetska1 1 Involved as a Wissenschaftlische Mitarbeiterin (Research Associate) to assist with certain comparative legal and empirical research. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................. 6 Executive Summary............................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 8 Section 1.1. Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 8 Section 1.2. Geographical Scope ....................................................................................................... 8 Section 1.3. Methodology and Structure .......................................................................................... 8 Chapter 2. Theoretical Framework ..................................................................................................... 10 Section 2.1. Causes and Consequences of Expanding Rights in Europe .......................................... 10 Section 2.2. Converging Towards the US? ....................................................................................... 10 Section 2.3. Institutional Features of Public Interest Litigation ...................................................... 11 Section 2.4. Repeat Players for Broad Representation? The Role of Associations and Groups in Litigation ......................................................................................................................................... 14 Section 2.5. Cases Made ................................................................................................................. 16 Section 2.6. Dynamics and Direction of Public Interest (Group) Litigation ..................................... 17 Chapter 3. Institutional Bases ............................................................................................................. 19 Section 3.1. France .......................................................................................................................... 19 3.1.1. Public enforcement ........................................................................................................... 19 3.1.2. Private enforcement .......................................................................................................... 20 3.1.3. Representative and collective actions ............................................................................... 21 3.1.4. Litigation financing ........................................................................................................... 22 Section 3.2. Germany ...................................................................................................................... 22 3.2.1. Public enforcement ........................................................................................................... 22 3.2.2. Private enforcement .......................................................................................................... 23 3.2.3. Representative and collective actions ............................................................................... 23 3.2.4. Litigation financing ........................................................................................................... 26 Section 3.3. The Netherlands .......................................................................................................... 26 3.3.1. Public enforcement ........................................................................................................... 26 3.3.2. Private enforcement .......................................................................................................... 27 3.3.3. Representative and collective actions ............................................................................... 28 3.3.4. Litigation financing ........................................................................................................... 28 3 Section 3.4. Poland ......................................................................................................................... 29 3.4.1. Public enforcement ........................................................................................................... 29 3.4.2. Private enforcement .......................................................................................................... 30 3.4.3. Representative and collective actions ............................................................................... 31 3.4.4. Litigation financing ........................................................................................................... 32 3.4.5. Public interest litigation .................................................................................................... 33 Section 3.5. Sweden ........................................................................................................................ 34 3.5.1. Public enforcement ........................................................................................................... 34 3.5.2. Private enforcement .......................................................................................................... 35 3.5.3. Representative and collective actions ............................................................................... 35 3.5.4. Litigation financing ........................................................................................................... 37 3.5.5. Public interest litigation .................................................................................................... 37 Section 3.6. The United Kingdom .................................................................................................... 37 3.6.1. Public enforcement ........................................................................................................... 38 3.6.2. Private enforcement .......................................................................................................... 38 3.6.3. Representative and collective actions ............................................................................... 39 3.6.4. Super-complaints .............................................................................................................. 40 3.6.5. Litigation financing ........................................................................................................... 41 3.6.6. Public interest litigation .................................................................................................... 41 Chapter 4. Litigation Data ................................................................................................................... 43 Section 4.1. Scope of Research ....................................................................................................... 43 Section 4.2. General Litigation Rates .............................................................................................. 44 4.2.1. France ............................................................................................................................... 44 4.2.2. Germany............................................................................................................................ 45 4.2.3. The Netherlands ................................................................................................................ 47 4.2.4. Poland ............................................................................................................................... 48 4.2.5. Sweden .............................................................................................................................. 50 4.2.6. The United Kingdom .......................................................................................................... 51 Section 4.3. Collective and Representative Litigation ..................................................................... 52 4.3.1. France ............................................................................................................................... 53 4 4.3.3. The Netherlands ................................................................................................................ 53 4.3.4. Poland ............................................................................................................................... 53 4.3.5. Sweden .............................................................................................................................. 55 4.3.6. The United Kingdom .......................................................................................................... 56 Section 4.4. Competition Litigation ................................................................................................