THE ECONOMIC CONTRBUTION OF COFFEE BASED AGROFORESTRY ON FOOD SECURITY FOR SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN CASE OF GURAFERDA DISTRICT, BENCH MAJI ZONE, SOUTHWESTERN ETHIOPIA M.Sc. THESIS FEREDE MESERET GEBRU HAWASSA UNIVERSITY WONDO GENET COLLEGE OF FORESTRY AND NATURAL RESOURCES, WONDO GENET, ETHIOPIA JUNE, 2018 THE ECONOMIC CONTRBUTION OF COFFEE BASED AGROFORESTRY FOR SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN CASE OF GURAFERDA DISTRICT, BENCH MAJI ZONE, SOUTHWESTERN ETHIOPIA FEREDE MESERET GEBRU THESIS SUBMITTED TO HAWASSA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF FORESTRY GRADUATE STUDIES, COLLEGE OF WONDO GENET FORESTRY AND NATURAL RESOURCES, HAWASSA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THEREQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGROFORESTRY AND SOIL MANAGEMENT MAIN ADVISOR: YOSEF MELKA (PhD) CO-ADVISOR: MESELE NEGASH (PhD) JUNE, 2018 WONDO GENET, ETHIOPIA APPROVAL SHEET- I This is to certify that the thesis entitled “the economic contribution of coffee based agroforestry for smallholder farmers at Guraferda district, southwestern Ethiopia’’ It submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Sciences with specialization in Agroforestry and soil management of the Graduate Program of the school of Forestry, Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources and has been carried out by Ferede Meseret Gebru Id.No AfSm/007/06) under my supervision, and no part of the thesis has been submitted for educational institutions for achieving any academic awards. The assistance and help received during the course of this investigation have been duly acknowledged. Therefore, I recommended to be accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirement. Yosef Melka (PhD) _________________ _____________ Name of Main advisor Signature Date Mesele Negash (PhD) _________________ ____________ Name of Co - advisor Signature Date Zerihun Girma (PhD) ___________________ ____________ Graduate program coordinator Signature Date APPROVAL SHEET-II We, the undersigned, members of the Board of examiners of the final open defense by Ferede Meseret Gebru have read and evaluated the thesis entitled “the economic contribution of coffee based agroforestry for smallholder farmers at Guraferda district, southwestern Ethiopia‟‟, and examined the candidate. This is, therefore, to certify that the thesis has been accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science(s) in Agroforestry and soil management. _________________ ________________ Name of Chairman Signature Date Yosef Melka (PhD) ___________________ ________________ Name of Main advisor Signature Date Mesele Negash (PhD) ___________________ ________________ Name of Co- advisor Signature Date ___________________ ________________ Name of Internal Examiner Signature Date __________________ ________________ Name of External Examiner Signature Date DECLARATION This is to certify that this thesis entitled “the economic contribution of coffee based agroforestry for smallholder farmers” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of M.Sc. in agroforestry and soil management to the School of Graduate Studies, Hawassa university, wondo genet college of forestry and natural resources, through the school of forestry department, done by Mr. Ferede Meseret Gebru, Id. No. AfSm/007/06) is an authentic work carried out by me under my guidance. The matter embodied in this thesis work has not been submitted earlier for award of any degree or diploma to the best of my knowledge and belief. FEREDE MESERET GEBRU Signature ________________________ Date_______________________________ Wondo genet, Ethiopia, JUNE, 2018 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I am glad to thank the almighty God who helps me throughout my life and for his mother found to the right side of him to ask mercy to me from her son. The word of God says “all things came into being through Him, and without Him not one thing came into being. What has come into being in Him was life and the life was the light of all people (John 1; 3-4).” All praise goes to the almighty God and St. Virgin Marry for giving me strength and courage for my successful work. In the first place, I am profoundly indebted to my major advisor, Dr. Yosef Melka and Co-advisor Dr.Mesele Negash for their frankness and comments and constructive idea provision truth advice, guidance, valuable suggestions, planning and giving immediate feedback on my progress research work. I am very much indebted to Mizan Tepi University staff members for their overall co-operation during my research period. My deep gratitude goes to my friends Dr. Desta and Mr. Hailu for his continuous & valuable technical assistance throughout the research period. My heartful gratitude goes to my beloved wife Gedamnesh Muluneh for her kind and lovely comprehensive support. This thesis owes its existence to the help, support and inspiration of many people. I acknowledge to sega and denkla kebelle agricultural extension experts and kebelle leaders for collecting socio-economic and biophysical data from the selected households in the study area. iii ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS AF Agroforestry ANOVA Analysis of variance BMZBoFED Bench Maji Zone Bureau of Finance and Economic Development GWANRO Guraferda Woreda Agricultural and Natural Resource Office GWRDO Guraferda Woreda Rural Development Office DAs Development Agents DBH Diameter at Breast Height EFAP Ethiopian Forestry Action Programme ETB Ethiopian Birr FAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations CBAF Coffee based agroforestry Fr frequency ha Hectare hh Households km2 Kilometer square m.a.s.l Meter above sea level n Number of sample households N Total population PA Peasant association TP Total plot Kg kilogram SNNPRs Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Regional State SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science iv Table of Contents APPROVAL SHEET- I ............................................................................................................... iii APPROVAL SHEET-II ............................................................................................................... iv DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS ...................................................................................... iv List of Figures............................................................................................................................ viii List of tables .............................................................................................................................. viii List of appendixes ........................................................................................................................ ix ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... x 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Background and Justification ....................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem ............................................................................................. 2 1.3. Significance of the study .............................................................................................. 3 1.4. Objectives of the Study................................................................................................. 3 1.4.1. General objective .................................................................................................. 3 1.4.2. Specific objectives ................................................................................................ 3 1.5. Research Questions ...................................................................................................... 4 1.6. Scope and Limitations of the Study .............................................................................. 4 1.7. Conceptual frame works ............................................................................................... 5 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................... 6 2.1. Concept of Agroforestry and Food Security ................................................................. 6 2.2. Agroforestry and Biodiversity ...................................................................................... 7 2.3. Socio-economic benefits of agroforestry ...................................................................... 8 2.4. The Role of Agroforestry in Sustainable Land Use .................................................... 11 2.5. Coffee shade trees plantation ...................................................................................... 11 2.6. Deforestation Trend and Its Effect ............................................................................. 12 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ....................................................................................... 14 3.1. Description of the study area ...................................................................................... 14 v 3.1.1. Location and Population ..................................................................................... 14 3.1.2. Agro-Ecology and Climate ................................................................................