Dædalus Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences Winter 2020 Women & Equality Nannerl O. Keohane & Frances McCall Rosenbluth, guest editors with Dawn Langan Teele · Kira Sanbonmatsu Rafaela Dancygier · Susan Chira · Torben Iversen Øyvind Skorge · Jamila Michener Margaret Teresa Brower · Sara Lowes · Anita I. Jivani Mala Htun · Francesca R. Jensenius · Anne Marie Goetz Olle Folke · Johanna Rickne · Seiki Tanaka Yasuka Tateishi · Nancy Folbre Catharine A. MacKinnon · Debora L. Spar Dædalus Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences “Women & Equality” Volume 149, Number 1; Winter 2020 Nannerl O. Keohane & Frances McCall Rosenbluth, Guest Editors Phyllis S. Bendell, Managing Editor and Director of Publications Peter Walton, Associate Editor Heather M. Struntz, Assistant Editor This issue of Dædalus is published open access with generous support from Mathea Falco. Committee on Studies and Publications John Mark Hansen, Chair; Rosina Bierbaum, Johanna Drucker, Gerald Early, Carol Gluck, Linda Greenhouse, John Hildebrand, Philip Khoury, Arthur Kleinman, Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot, Alan I. Leshner, Rose McDermott, Michael S. McPherson, Frances McCall Rosenbluth, Scott D. Sagan, Nancy C. Andrews (ex officio), David W. Oxtoby (ex officio), Diane P. Wood (ex officio) Inside front cover (top left to bottom right): “Women at Work, Rajasthan,” by Richard Evea, 2008, published under a CC BY-SA 2.0 license. “I am not free while any woman is unfree,” by shaunl/Getty Images. View of the Women’s March on Washington from the roof of the Voice of America building, January 21, 2017; photograph by Voice of America. Lathe operator machining parts for transport planes at the Consolidated Aircraft Corporation plant in Fort Worth, Texas, October 1942; photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress. Mural of Angela Davis at the Plaça del Dipòsit de Lleida by Llukutter; photograph by Albert RA, May 16, 2019, published under a CC BY-SA 4.0 license. Contents 6 Introduction Nannerl O. Keohane & Frances McCall Rosenbluth 25 Women & the Vote Dawn Langan Teele 40 Women’s Underrepresentation in the U.S. Congress Kira Sanbonmatsu 56 Another Progressive’s Dilemma: Immigration, the Radical Right & Threats to Gender Equality Rafaela Dancygier 72 Donald Trump’s Gift to Feminism: The Resistance Susan Chira 86 The Dilemma of Gender Equality: How Labor Market Regulation Divides Women by Class Torben Iversen, Frances McCall Rosenbluth & Øyvind Skorge 100 What’s Policy Got to Do with It? Race, Gender & Economic Inequality in the United States Jamila Michener & Margaret Teresa Brower 119 Kinship Structure & Women: Evidence from Economics Sara Lowes 134 Gender Lens to the Future of Work Anita I. Jivani 144 Fighting Violence Against Women: Laws, Norms & Challenges Ahead Mala Htun & Francesca R. Jensenius 160 The New Competition in Multilateral Norm-Setting: Transnational Feminists & the Illiberal Backlash Anne Marie Goetz 180 Sexual Harassment of Women Leaders Olle Folke, Johanna Rickne, Seiki Tanaka & Yasuka Tateishi 198 Cooperation & Conflict in the Patriarchal Labyrinth Nancy Folbre 213 Equality Catharine A. MacKinnon 222 Good Fellows: Men’s Role & Reason in the Fight for Gender Equality Debora L. Spar 236 Women, Power & Leadership Nannerl O. Keohane Dædalus Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences The labyrinth designed by Dædalus for King Minos of Crete, on a silver tetradrachma from Cnossos, Crete, c. 350–300 BC (35 mm, Cabinet des Médailles, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris). “Such was the work, so intricate the place, / That scarce the workman all its turns cou’d trace; / And Dædalus was puzzled how to find / The secret ways of what himself design’d.” –Ovid, Metamorphoses, Book 8 Dædalus was founded in 1955 and established as a quarterly in 1958. The journal’s namesake was renowned in ancient Greece as an inventor, scientist, and unriddler of riddles. Its emblem, a maze seen from above, symbolizes the aspiration of its founders to “lift each of us above his cell in the labyrinth of learning in order that he may see the entire structure as if from above, where each separate part loses its comfortable separateness.” The American Academy of Arts & Sciences, like its journal, brings together distinguished individuals from every field of human endeavor. It was chartered in 1780 as a forum “to cultivate every art and science which may tend to advance the interest, honour, dignity, and happiness of a free, independent, and virtuous people.” Now in its third century, the Academy, with its more than five thousand members, continues to provide intellectual leadership to meet the critical chal- lenges facing our world. 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Outside the United Postmaster: Send address changes to Dædalus, States and Canada add $24 for postage and han- One Rogers Street, Cambridge MA 02142-1209. dling. Prices subject to change without notice. Periodicals postage paid at Boston MA and at Institutional subscriptions are on a volume-year additional mailing offices. basis. All other subscriptions begin with the The typeface is Cycles, designed by Sumner next available issue. Stone at the Stone Type Foundry of Guinda CA. Single issues: $15 for individuals; $38 for insti- Each size of Cycles has been sep arately designed tutions. Outside the United States and Canada, in the tradition of metal types. add $6 per issue for postage and handling. Prices subject to change without notice. Introduction Nannerl O. Keohane & Frances McCall Rosenbluth his issue of Dædalus focuses on women in the world today: in politics, the economy, and society more broadly. Its publication at the centennial of T the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution cele- brates victory in the battle for suffrage everywhere. Winning the right to vote was a significant step in the effort to achieve equali- ty for women. Yet the achievement of economic self-sufficiency is equally impor- tant. And as the burgeoning #MeToo movement reminds us, freeing women from the threat of sexual harassment and abuse is another crucial goal. Mary Wollstonecraft struck a recognizably modern tone in her 1792 work A Vindication of the Rights of Woman when she wrote that women’s dependence on men for sustenance and survival degrades their character. “You can’t expect vir- tue from women until they are to some extent independent of men; indeed, you can’t expect the strength of natural affection that would make them good wives and good mothers. While they absolutely depend on their husbands, they will be cunning, mean, and selfish.”1 Virginia Woolf made a similar argument more than a century later in A Room of One’s Own, concluding that financial dependence on men has meant that the great majority of women can be neither creative nor secure. “Women have had less intellectual freedom than the sons of Athenian slaves. That is why I have laid so much stress on money and a room of one’s own.”2 No one should be sur- prised when a woman who has no economic resources of her own adapts to the man’s world in ways that reflect not her nature, but her need. In some parts of the world, women still occupy profoundly subservient posi- tions across political, economic, and social domains. Women in many countries have secured the right to vote. But suffrage alone does not bring access to political power on equal terms with men, economic equality remains elusive everywhere, and much remains to be done to protect women from sexual harassment and as- sault.