“East Asia since 1700” (USC U.S.-China Institute) Samuel Yamashita (Department of History, Pomona College; [email protected]) ESTABLISHING THE TOKUGAWA ORDER Histoire problème: The Battle of Sekigahara & Establishing the Tokugawa Order Date: 10/19/1600 Place: Sekigahara (eastern Ōmi province; 43.5 miles northeast of modern city of Kyoto) Near where two highways—Nakasendō and Tokaidō—crossed 1a Background: 1b Complete deterioration of shōen-centered economy (est. 800s) 1c Collapse of the Muromachi/Ashikaga Military Government (1336-1567) 1d “Warring States” (J. sengoku 戦国)(1477-1603) decentralization of power (military, economic, political) > feudalism lords (J. daimyō 大名 “great name”) warriors (J. samurai 侍 “one who serves”)(J. bushi 武士 “armed knight”) 2a Backstory: 2bToyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598) 2cToyotomi Hideyori (1593-1615) PROJECT: BATTLE OF Council of Regents Five Commissioners SEKIGAHARA Mōri Terumoto Ishida Mitsunari TEXT: DIAGRAMS OF BATTLE Maeda Toshiie (1560-1600) Ukita Hideie Uesugi Kagekatsu Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616) 3a Conflict: 3b Western Army: 80,000 Leaders: Major Castles: Ishida Mitsunari 4000 Ogaki Castle (Ishida) Shimazu Yoshihiro 1500 Takehana Castle (Ishida) Konishi Yukinaga 4000 Gifu Castle (Oda Hidenobu) Ukita Hideie 17,000 Sawayama Castle (Ishida) Toda Shigemasa 1500 Kobayakawa Hideaki 15,600 3c Eastern Army: 74,000 Leaders: Major Castles: Tokugawa Ieyasu 30,000 Otsu Castle (Kyōgoku) Tokugawa Hidetada Fushimi Castle (Torii) Fukushima Masamori 6000 Kiyosu Castle (Tokugawa vassals) Kyōgoku Takatomo 3000 Okazaki Castle (Tokugawa Ieyasu) Terasawa Hirotaka 2400 Ii Naomasa 3600 Ikeda Terumasa 4560 After the Battle (1600-1615) Question: What does one do after a decisive battle over one’s enemies? 1 sanction of the emperor: Minister of the Right, second court rank, title of shōgun (J. sei- i-tai-shōgun 征夷対将軍 “barbarian-quelling-generalissimo”) 2 loyalty of lords collateral lords (J. shimpan 親藩 “related domains”) hereditary lords (J. fudai daimyō 譜代大名) outside lords (J. tozama daimyō 外様大名) 3 post-Sekigahara land distribution *koku=4.8 bushels 2.5 million koku* Tokugawa Ieyasu’s holdings, 9/1600 +6.2 million koku Tokugawa Ieyasu’s Sekigahara spoils -6.5 million koku Tokugawa Ieyasu distributed to allies +3.3 million koku Tokugawa Ieyasu absorbed enemies’ lands +4.5 million koku Tokugawa Hidetada (2) absorbed +3.8 million koku Tokugawa Iemitsu (3) absorbed 13.8 million koku Tokugawa holdings, 1651 6.5 million koku hereditary lords’ holdings 10.7 million koku outside lords’ holdings 4 elimination of Toyotomi Hideyori, 6/4/1615 Creating A “Great Peace” (1615-1651) PROJECTS: CREATING A Question: How does one create a period of “great peace” “GREAT PEACE” 1 impose controls on the emperor/imperial court TEXTS: SEVEN CONTROLS 2a reduce power of other lords 2b absorbing lands of lords, esp outside lords 2c limit number of castles in each domain to one (1) 2d punish lords for violating Tokugawa regulations 3 public works projects 4 formalize hostage system (J. sankin kōtai 参勤交代 “alternate attendance”) 1600 Maeda Toshinaga (1562-1614) left mother in Edo hereditary lords—in Edo every six months outside lords—in Edo every other year 5a creating a new government (Tokugawa government) 5b emperor 5c shōgun 5d elders (J. rōjū 老中) 5e junior elders (J. wakadoshiyori 若年寄) 5f judicial council (J. hyōjōsho 評定所) 5g censors (J. metsuke 目付) 5h magistrates (J. bugyō 奉行) 5i local officials—commandery heads (J. gundai 郡代), intendants (J. daikan 代官) 6a closing country, 1633-1639 6b Dutch, Chinese—Nagasaki 6c Koreans—Tsushima 6d Ryūkyūs—Satsuma domain (Kyūshū) 6e Ainu—Matsumae domain (northern Honshū) 7 warriors moved from countryside into castletowns, 1650s onward .