Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1989 Soviet Naval Force Control and the Red naval C system: what the Blue commander needs to know Tondu, Jennifer L. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/26259 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California 7 3-^35 SOVIET NAVAL FORCE CONTROL AND THE RED NAVAL C^ SYSTEM: WHAT THE BLUE COMMANDER NEEDS TO KNOW by Jennifer L. Tondu March 1988 Thesis Advisor: James G. Taylor Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. T24239 classified irity classification of this page REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Restrict ive Report Security Classification Lnclassified lb Markings Security Classification Authority 3 Distribution Availability of Report Declassification Downgrading Schedule Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Performing Organization Report Number(s) 5 Monitoring Organization Report Number(s) Name of Performing Organization 6b Office Symbol 7a Name of Monitoring Organization aval Postgraduate School (if applicable) 39 Naval Postgraduate School Address (city, state, and ZIP code) 7b Address (city, state, and ZIP code) onterev, CA 93943-5000 Monterey, CA 93943-5000 Name of Funding Sponsoring Organization 8b Office Symbol 9 Procurement Instrument Identification Number (if applicable) Address (dry, state, and ZIP code) 10 Source of Funding Numbers Program Element No Project No Task No Work Unit Accession N Title (include security classification) SOVIET NAVAL FORCE CONTROL AND THE RED NAVAL C3 SYSTEM: WHAT IE BLUE COMMANDER NEEDS TO KNOW Personal Author(s) Jennifer L. Tondu a Type of Report 13b Time Coyered 14 Date of Report (vear. month, day) Page Count aster's Thesis From To March 1988 90 Supplementary Notation The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or po- ion of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government, Cosati Codes IS Subject Terms (continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) Id Group Subgroup Soviet Naval Force Control, naval C3 system, cybernetics Abstract (continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) Soviet Naval Force Control is the process that the Soviets use to control naval forces during execution of assigned issions, as well as create and maintain combat readiness and fightmg efficiency. It is the underlying basis of the Red naval 3 system; it provides control throughout a system composed of command posts, intelligence sensors, naval forces and capons, and an interconnecting communications network. The concept of Soviet Naval Force Control and its support ol e Red naval C3 system is discussed in this thesis. Emphasis is placed on how the Blue commander can use this information enhance his decision making process concerning the utilization of his own C3 system. Major concepts examined in the esis include Marxist-Leninist theory, Soviet military thought, cybernetics, and the Naval Force Control process. The as- imption is made by the author that a Blue commander who is aware of and conversant with the major concepts presented this thesis will have a better understanding of the Soviet approach to the C3 process and how it affects Soviet actions. In rn. this understanding will increase his ability to control his own C3 system and successfully achieve his goal in battle out- line. Distribution Availability of Abstract 21 Abstract Security Classification unclassified unlimited D same as report DTIC users Unclassified a Name of Responsible Individual 22b Telephone (include Area code) 22c Office Symbol ones G. Tavlor (408)646-2683 55Tw ) FORM 1473,84 MAR 83 APR edition may be used until exhausted security classification of this page All other editions are obsolete Unclassified Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Soviet Naval Force Control and the Red Naval C3 System: What the Blue Commander Needs To Know by Jennifer L. Tondu Lieutenant, United States Navy B.S., United States Naval Academy, 1982 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY (Command, Control and Communications) from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL March 19SS ABSTRACT Soviet Naval Force Control is the process that the Soviets use to control naval forces during execution of assigned missions, as well as create and maintain combat readiness and fighting efficiency. It is the underlying basis of the Red naval C3 system; it provides control throughout a system composed of command posts, intelligence sen- sors, naval forces and weapons, and an interconnecting communications network. The concept of Soviet Naval Force Control and its support of the Red naval C3 system is discussed in this thesis. Emphasis is placed on how the Blue commander can use this information to enhance his decision making process concerning the utilization of his own C3 system. Major concepts examined in the thesis include Marxist-Leninist theory, Soviet military thought, cybernetics, and the Naval Force Control process. The as- sumption is made by the author that a Blue commander who is aware of and conversant with the major concepts presented in this thesis will have a better understanding of the Soviet approach to the C3 process and how it affects Soviet actions. In turn, this understanding will increase his ability to control his own C3 system and successfully achieve his goal in battle outcome. 111 73idiS6 6,1 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. FOUNDATION FOR UNDERSTANDING NAVAL FORCE CONTROL . 4 A. INTRODUCTION 4 B. MARXIST-LENINIST THEORY 4 C. SOVIET MILITARY THOUGHT 7 D. MILITARY DOCTRINE 8 E. MILITARY SCIENCE 10 1. General Laws of War 11 2. Laws of Armed Conflict 12 F. MILITARY ART 13 1. Military Strategy 13 2. Operational Art 13 3. Tactics 14 G. SOVIET THEORY OF THE NAVY 14 H. PAST WARS AND THE REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS ... 15 I. SOVIET CYBERNETICS 16 J. CONTEXT 20 K. CHAPTER SUMMARY 21 III. NAVAL FORCE CONTROL PROCESS 23 A. INTRODUCTION 23 B. GENERAL CONCEPT OF CONTROL 23 C. THE CONTROL SYSTEM 25 D. PRINCIPLES OF NAVAL FORCE CONTROL 27 E. MANAGEMENT OF NAVAL FORCE CONTROL 29 F. CHAPTER SUMMARY 31 IV. SOVIET NAVAL FORCES 35 A. INTRODUCTION 35 B. THE SOVIET NAVY WITHIN THE SOVIET STATE 35 IV 1. Peacetime Command and Control Structure 35 2. Wartime Command and Control Structure 37 3. Soviet Navy Organization 39 C. SOVIET NAVAL FLEETS 39 1. Northern Fleet 42 2. Baltic Fleet 42 3. Black Sea Fleet 42 4. Pacific Fleet 43 5. Caspian Sea Flotilla 43 D. MISSIONS OF THE SOVIET NAVY 43 E. SUBMARINES 46 F. SOVIET NAVAL AVIATION 49 G. MAIN SURFACE COMBATANTS 51 H. AMPHIBIOUS FORCES 54 I. NAVAL MINE WARFARE FORCES 55 J. FUTURE TRENDS 56 K. CHAPTER SUMMARY 58 V. RED NAVAL C3 SYSTEM 60 A. INTRODUCTION 60 B. COMMAND POSTS 60 C. COMMUNICATIONS 61 D. INTELLIGENCE 63 E. CHAPTER SUMMARY 67 VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 70 A. SUMMARY 70 B. RECOMMENDATIONS 72 LIST OF REFERENCES 76 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 81 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Hierarchy of Soviet Military Thought 9 Figure 2. Simple Paradigm of a Cybernetic Process 18 Figure 3. Basic Paradigm of a Military Cybernetic Process 20 Figure 4. Soviet High Command (adapted from Ref. 35: p. 11) 40 Figure 5. Soviet Navy Organization 41 Figure 6. Strength of Soviet Submarine Force (January 1987) 47 Figure 7. Strength of Soviet Naval Aviation (1987) 50 Figure 8. Strength of Soviet Surface Combatant Forces (January 1987) 53 Figure 9. Strength of Soviet Mine Warfare Force (January 1987) 57 Fisure 10. Fleet Intelligence Directorate 65 VI I. INTRODUCTION Command and Control is the exercise of authority and direction by a properly des- ignated commander over assigned forces in the accomplishment of the mission. A Command and Control System consists of the facilities, equipment, communi- cations, procedures, and personnel essential to a commander for planning, directing and controlling operations of assigned forces pursuant to the missions assigned. [Ref. 1 : p.74f Americans view the effectiveness of a command, control and communication system (C3), as defined above, to be a function of one's own capabilities, the enemy's capabili- ties and the environment. The commander, with his C3 system, must comprehend his own forces (mission, procedures, hardware, etc.), the enemy's forces, and the combat environment in order to successfully achieve his goal in combat outcome. In order to execute U.S. Maritime policy, commanders of U.S. Naval Forces must be able to control their forces, i.e.. guide them to accomplish their assigned mission with the help of a C3 system. Since engagement outcome not only depends on one's onw forces and environmental conditions, but on the enemy (his forces, goals, capabilites, operating procedures, etc.), a U.S. commander's effectiveness will be enhanced by his knowledge of Soviet systems and actions, and his ability to exploit their weaknesses, in particular weaknesses in command and control. The commander must be knowledgeable in Soviet naval C3 capabilities. He must be aware of the Soviet battle management process as well as Soviet hardware. However the Soviet concept of Command and Control is, in many ways, different from the American concept of Command and Con- trol. Naval Force Control is the work of commanders, staffs, and other control elements to maintain a high state of combat readiness of subordinate troops and to control them in order to cam' out assigned missions. [Ref. 2 : p. 15] Soviet Naval Force Control (Upravleniye Silami Flota) is the term used by the Soviet military to reflect the concept of control of naval forces. The concept can be equated to the term Troop Control {Upravleniye Voyskami) which refers to the control of ground forces. The thesis will henceforth use the term Naval Force Control since the subject matter pertains to control of naval forces. Control not only pervades military affairs but saturates every facet of Soviet society.