Weedy rice in sustainable rice production. A review Sadia Nadir, Hai-Bo Xiong, Qian Zhu, Xiao-Ling Zhang, Hong-Yun Xu, Juan Li, Wenhua Dongchen, Doku Henry, Xiao-Qiong Guo, Sehroon Khan, et al. To cite this version: Sadia Nadir, Hai-Bo Xiong, Qian Zhu, Xiao-Ling Zhang, Hong-Yun Xu, et al.. Weedy rice in sus- tainable rice production. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences/INRA, 2017, 37 (5), pp.46. 10.1007/s13593-017-0456-4. hal-02967766 HAL Id: hal-02967766 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02967766 Submitted on 15 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Agron. Sustain. Dev. (2017) 37: 46 DOI 10.1007/s13593-017-0456-4 REVIEW ARTICLE Weedy rice in sustainable rice production. A review Sadia Nadir 1,2,3 & Hai-Bo Xiong1 & Qian Zhu1 & Xiao-Ling Zhang1 & Hong-Yun Xu1 & Juan Li1 & Wenhua Dongchen1 & Doku Henry1 & Xiao-Qiong Guo1 & Sehroon Khan4,5 & Hak-Soo Suh6 & Dong Sun Lee1,3 & Li-Juan Chen1,3 Accepted: 29 August 2017 /Published online: 30 September 2017 # The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract Weedy rice refers to the unwanted plants of the is to explore the reservoir of natural variations in weedy germ- genus Oryza that have some undesirable agronomic traits plasm and to utilize them for crop improvement. This review and pose a major threat to sustainable rice production world- outlines some of the latest biotechnological tools to dissect the wide. Widespread adoption of direct seeded rice and hybridi- genetic backgrounds of several favorable traits of weedy rice zation or gene flow between cultivated rice and their wild that may prove beneficial for breeding and evolutionary stud- relatives has resulted in the creation and dissemination of ies on cultivated rice. We suggest that by merging the disci- weedy rice. Currently, weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) plines of genomics, breeding, and weed management, we can has become one of the most common weeds infesting rice achieve the goal of sustainable rice production. fields worldwide. In this paper, we review the biology, phys- iology, evolution, and genetic features of weedy rice. We also Keywords Weedy rice . Climate change . Stress tolerance . discuss the major obstacles in weedy rice management, in- Biotechnology . Biocontrol cluding high diversity of weedy rice, ecological impacts of gene flow on weedy rice, changing climate, and weedy rice management. We then present a framework for the sustainable Contents management and utilization of weedy rice. Our main emphasis 1. Introduction 2. Origin and evolution 3. Distribution and genetic differentiation * Dong Sun Lee 4. Gene flow and its associated concerns in weedy rice [email protected] 5. Adaptive evolutionary traits of weedy rice * Li-Juan Chen 5.1 Seed dormancy [email protected] 5.2 Seed shattering 5.3 Red pericarp color 1 State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of 5.4 Stress tolerance Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, 6. Strategies to control and manage weedy rice Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China 7. Potential value of weedy rice 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, 8. Future outlook Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan 9. Conclusion 3 Rice Research Institute, Yunnan Agriculture University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China 4 Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Introduction Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China 5 World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Rice is an important nutritional resource and is globally grown Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China on about 153 million hectares of land, 90% of which is in Asia 6 School of Biological Resources, College of Natural Resources, (Chauhan 2013). About 350 species of different genera, in- Yeungnam University, Kyongsan 712-749, South Korea cluding seven species of Oryza, have been reported as weeds 46 Page 2 of 14 Agron. Sustain. Dev. (2017) 37: 46 of rice (Holm et al. 1979; Smith 1981). Weedy rice includes all 3 million hectares of Chinese rice fields have been infested unwanted weedy populations of the genus Oryza growing in with weedy rice, leading to a yield loss of about 3.4 million and around rice fields (Fig. 1). Weedy rice is also referred to as tonnes per year (Rathore et al. 2016). Sun et al. (2013)report- “red rice” because of its red pericarp. However, weedy rice ed that weedy rice has infested approximately 600,000 ha of biotypes with white, light red, and light green pericarps are rice-growing fields in Northeast China. also found (Prathepha 2009). In addition, there are many grain Different weed control measures are practiced in rice cultivars with the red grain phenotype. Therefore, the term cropping to minimize weedy rice infestations and subsequent weedy rice is more appropriate than red rice (Chen and Suh yield losses. Planting herbicide-resistant seeds was thought to 2015). The characteristic features of weedy rice are taller eliminate weedy rice problems, but the emergence of height, ease of shattering, strong seed dormancy, and often a herbicide-resistance among the weeds generated more severe pigmented aleuronic layer (Fig. 1). The critical weedy traits of issues by making weeds more competitive (Bhatia and Mitra grain shattering and seed dormancy lead to harvest losses and 2003;LuandSnow2005), and climate change is predicted to a large soil seed reservoir in future years. The ability of weedy worsen weed management in rice cropping (Rodenburg et al. rice to thrive in adverse agro-environmental conditions and to 2010 ; Ziska et al. 2012). Appropriate management and control imitate cultivars renders it difficult to control by simple of weedy rice can only be achieved by an integrated approach means. that includes both basic and advanced methods. In addition, The traditional rice cultivation method is flooding the increased awareness about the ecophysiology and diversity of fields, which is labor intensive and requires considerable sup- weedy rice on a local and community level, recognition of plies of water. Due to manpower limitations and the problem- knowledge frameworks, and innovations in science and tech- atic water management of traditional puddled rice transplan- nology are required to identify the challenges and opportuni- tation, rice cultivation practices have increasingly switched to ties facing rice cultivation. There are many diverse challenges direct seeded rice (DSR) (Ali et al. 2014; Ziska et al. 2015). affecting weed control, but a wide range of options to meet Direct seeded rice technology (wet, dry, or water seeding) has development and sustainability in rice cropping are available. a positive effect on yield, requires less labor, and has a reduced Weedy rice is congeneric and conspecific to cultivated rice, water management requirement (Ali et al. 2014). However, and it promotes crop-weed hybridization and the introgression infestations of rice fields with weeds have become a signifi- of traits, such as herbicide resistance. Thus, it can tolerate cant problem since the adoption of DSR, because of the ab- stress conditions better than the current cultivars (Suh 2003). sence of the suppressive effect of flooding on the weeds that Weedy rice grains show high diversity in biochemical compo- emerge either before or along with the rice crop (Chauhan nents, including amylose and protein contents and antioxi- 2013). If not controlled effectively, weed infestations can dants (Chen and Suh 2015). Weedy rice has been reported to cause severe economic losses by decreasing the quality and adapt and survive in a particular habitat for many years, and yield of rice (Singh et al. 2006). Weed-induced yield losses this trait could play an important role in evolutionary studies can be as high as 100% under DSR conditions (Rao et al. on cultivated rice (Chen and Suh 2015). 2007). The rice monocropping system also provides a suitable In this review, we discuss the evolution, distribution, phys- environment for weedy rice growth. Weedy rice infestations iology, and genetics of weedy rice. We focus on the beneficial and yield losses have been reported from many parts of the traits of weedy rice and suggest that these may be exploited to world. Weedy rice infestation rates in European and US rice construct new varieties of high-yielding domesticated rice fields are estimated to be 30 and 70%, respectively (Gealy with considerable resistance against disease and abiotic 2005;Catalàetal.2002). Previous research has suggested that stresses. about 80% of rice fields are infested by weedy rice in Cuba (Baek and Chung 2012) and about 50% of the rice fields in Senegal, West Africa, are reported to be affected with weedy 2 Origin and evolution rice biotypes (Diallo 1999). According to Azmi et al. (2000), weedy rice caused yield losses of up to 74% in Malaysia. If The genus Oryza includes more than 20 wild species but weedy rice-induced losses cannot not be controlled, they only two species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) and Oryza could adversely affect food security as well as the global glaberrima (African rice) are domesticated (Aggarval economy. et al. 1997;Ferrero2003). O. sativa has been differentiated Due to the adoption of DSR and the reduced manpower into indica, japonica,andjavanica varieties (Olofsdotter involvement in rice cultivation, weedy rice has spread vigor- et al. 2000). Weedy rice (O. sativa f. spontanea)istaxo- ously in many rice-planting areas in China, particularly in the nomically classified as the same species as cultivated rice Northeast and Hainan, Guangdong, and Jiangsu Provinces.