ZÂVİYE-KHANKÂHS AND RELIGIOUS ORDERS IN THE PROVINCE OF KARAMAN: THE SELJUKID, KARAMANOĞLU AND THE OTTOMAN PERIODS, 1200-1512 A Ph.D. Dissertation by FATİH BAYRAM Department of History Bilkent University Ankara September 2008 To my grandfather ZÂVİYE-KHANKÂHS AND RELIGIOUS ORDERS IN THE PROVINCE OF KARAMAN: THE SELJUKID, KARAMANOĞLU AND THE OTTOMAN PERIODS, 1200-1512 The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by FATİH BAYRAM In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2008 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. -------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. -------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kara Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. -------------------------------- Asst. Prof. Mehmet Kalpaklı Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. -------------------------------- Asst. Prof. Evgeni R. Radushev Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. -------------------------------- Asst. Prof. Laurent Mignon Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences -------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT ZÂVİYE-KHANKÂHS AND RELIGIOUS ORDERS IN THE PROVINCE OF KARAMAN: THE SELJUKID, KARAMANOĞLU AND THE OTTOMAN PERIODS, 1200-1512 Bayram, Fatih Ph.D., Department of History Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık September 2008 This dissertation analyzes the dervish lodges and Sufi orders in the Province of Karaman of the Ottoman Empire. The main source for this dissertation is the Register of the Pious Foundations of the Province of Karaman dated 888/1483. This register details accounts of the pious foundations of dervish lodges from the time of Seljukids and of the Karamanoğlus. There are other types of pious foundations such as mosques and madrasas also mentioned in the register. Yet, the main focus of this study will be the dervish lodges and Sufi orders. The register of 888/1483 will be analyzed in light of other sources such as chronicles, Sufi hagiographies, and literary works written during the Seljukid, Karamanoğlu, and classical Ottoman periods. The study demonstrates that the dervish lodges remained at the center of life during the period in question and that nearly every segment of society from the ruling class to the masses visited and shared their experiences in dervish lodges. In this dissertation, Sufi orders, particularly the Mevleviyye and the Halvetiyye, will also be analyzed in relation to their attitudes towards political authority. Keywords: Seljukid, Karamanid, Zâviye, Khankâh, Sufism iii ÖZET KARAMAN EYÂLETİ’NDE ZÂVİYE-HANKÂHLAR VE TARİKATLAR: SELÇUKLU, KARAMANOĞLU VE OSMANLI DÖNEMLERİ, 1200-1512 Bayram, Fatih Doktora, Tarih Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık Eylül 2008 Bu çalışma, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Karaman Eyâleti’ndeki zâviyeleri ve tarikatları incelemektedir. Bu çalışmanın ana kaynağı, 888/1483 tarihli Defter-i Evkâf-i Vilayet-i Karaman ve Kayseriyye adlı vakıf defteridir. Bu kaynak, Selçuklu ve Karamanoğlu döneminde inşâ edilen zâviye ve hankâh vakıflarını içermektedir. Bu kaynakta câmi ve medrese gibi başka vakıf çeşitleri de zikredilmektedir. Ancak, bu çalışmanın temel konusunu zâviyeler ve tarikatlar oluşturmaktadır. 888/1483 tarihli kaynak, Selçuklu, Karamanoğlu ve klasik Osmanlı döneminde yazılan vekâyi´nâme, menâkıbnâme ve diğer edebî eserler ışığında incelenecektir. Bu çalışma, zâviyelerin bu asırlarda hayatın merkezinde yer aldığını; devlet adamlarından sıradan insanlara kadar toplumun her kesiminden bir çok kişinin ziyaret ettiği ve tecrübelerini paylaştıkları mekânlar olduğu gerçeğini açıklayacaktır. Bu çalışmada, ayrıca Mevlevîlik ve Halvetîlik gibi tarikatlar, özellikle dervişlerin siyasî otorite ile ilişkileri açısından, değerlendirilecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Selçuklu, Karamanoğlu, Zâviye, Hankâh, Tasavvuf iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to express my gratitude to the supervisor of the dissertation, Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık. His wise guidance, constant encouragement and support throughout the long process of research and writing have been invaluable and beyond description with words. His canonical works in the field of Ottoman history constituted the major source of inspiration for this dissertation. Each seminar taken with Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık has been a wonderful opportunity for me as a student to learn from a great master of history and to be encouraged by him to set sail in search of new areas of research. I am particularly grateful to Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kara who enlightened me in the field of Sufi studies. I am indebted to Asst. Prof. Oktay Özel who made invaluable comments throughout the process of research and writing and who devoted his precious time to discuss the questions related to the dissertation. I would also like to express my gratitude to Asst. Prof. Mehmet Kalpaklı who helped a great deal as the Head of the Department of History in enriching the collections of Bilkent University Library. The manuscripts and books brought to the library of the university by Kalpaklı contributed greatly to this dissertation. I am also grateful to my professors Eugenia Kermeli, Paul Latimer, Cadoc Leighton, Laurent Mignon, Evgeni R. Radushev, Ahmet Simin, Selçuk Akşin Somel, David Thornton, and Zeynep Yürekli Görkay for their support and encouragement throughout the study. v I would also like to express my special thanks to the staff of Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Bilkent University Library, İSAM Library, İstanbul Atatürk Kitaplığı, Konya Bölge Yazma Eserler Kütüphanesi, Koyunoğlu Müzesi Kütüphanesi, La Bibliothèque D'études Arabes et Islamiques of Collège de France, Milli Kütüphane, Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi, Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü Kuyûd-i Kadîme Arşivi, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi, Türk Tarih Kurumu Kütüphanesi, and Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü Arşivi for their patient help and kindness during my research. I am especially indebted to Sadi Somuncuoğlu and Tümen Somuncuoğlu who gave me a copy of the Hakîkînâme of Baba Yusuf. I also would like to express my gratitude to my friends and colleagues. They encouraged and helped me in the process of research, writing and editing the dissertation. I would like to express my special thanks to Nuri Aksu, Aziz Arslan, Dr. Selami Arslan, Dr. Bahri Aydın, Dr. Savaş Barkçin, Hüseyin Bayram, Metin Bezikoğlu, Dr. Murat Çemrek, M. Ali Doğan, Hüdai Ekinci, Marlene Denice Elwell, Abuzer Kalyon, Abdullah Kavaklı, Dr. E. Said Kaya, Tolga Keskin, Dr. Ertuğrul İ. Ökten, M. Fatih Soysal, Dr. M. Mert Sunar, Adem Taflan, Kürşat Urungu Akpınar, Dr. Adnan Uzun, B. Boğaç Turna, Dr. Rıza Yıldırım, Dr. S. Nur Yıldız, Dr. Hüseyin Yılmaz, and Dr. M. Şakir Yılmaz to whom I owe a great deal as an appreciative and forbearing friend. I am particularly indebted to each member of my family—especially my father, my mother, and my wife— for their benevolence and forbearance. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................... iii ÖZET ........................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................ v TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................ vii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................ 1 1.1 Literature Review ....................................................................... 8 1.1.1 New Trends in the Study of Sufism and Dervish Orders 8 1.1.2 International Civilization of Dervishes ............................ 15 1.1.3 Dervish Lodges and the formation of “a New World” in Anatolia ............................................................................ 26 CHAPTER II: DERVISH LODGES AND THEIR FOUNDERS IN THE PROVINCE OF KARAMAN ........................................................... 37 2.1 Evkâf Defteri of the Province of Karaman Dated 888/1483 ...... 40 2.2 Mensûh (Abrogated) Zâviyes ..................................................... 49 2.3 The Founders of the Dervish Lodges ......................................... 52 CHAPTER III: RELIGIOUS ORDERS IN THE PROVINCE OF KARAMAN ..................................................................................... 67 3.1 The Melâmîs and Political Authority ........................................ 71 3.2 The Mevlevî Order .................................................................... 74 3.3 The Naqshbandî Order .............................................................. 86 3.4 The Halvetî Order ..................................................................... 90 3.4.1 Dervish and Dream .........................................................