Master thesis in Sustainable Development 302 Examensarbete i Hållbar utveckling Photovoltaic power potential on Gotland: A comparison with load, wind power and power export possibilities Emil Zaar DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES INSTITUTIONEN FÖR GEOVETENSKAPER Master thesis in Sustainable Development 302 Examensarbete i Hållbar utveckling Photovoltaic power potential on Gotland: A comparison with load, wind power and power export possibilities Emil Zaar Supervisor: Rasmus Luthander Evaluator: Joakim Munkhammar Copyright © Emil Zaar and the Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University Published at Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University (www.geo.uu.se), Uppsala, 2016 Content 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Aims and objectives ........................................................................................................ 2 1.1.1. Research Questions .................................................................................................. 2 1.2. Background ..................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1. Environmental goals and Future scenarios ............................................................... 6 1.3. Sustainable development and research mode .................................................................. 7 1.3.1. Previous Photovoltaic power potential studies on Gotland ...................................... 8 1.4. Delimitations ................................................................................................................... 9 1.4.1. Solar PV Potential method ....................................................................................... 9 2. Theory ................................................................................................................................. 10 2.1. Solar Radiation .............................................................................................................. 10 2.1.1. Tilt, Angle, Latitude ............................................................................................... 10 2.2. Photovoltaic Cells.......................................................................................................... 10 2.2.1. Inverter ................................................................................................................... 11 2.3. Types of Photovoltaic Cells .......................................................................................... 11 2.3.1. Polycrystalline ........................................................................................................ 11 2.3.2. Monocrystalline ...................................................................................................... 11 2.3.3. Thin-Film ............................................................................................................... 11 2.4. Wind speed and the power of the wind ......................................................................... 11 2.5. Electrical grid ................................................................................................................ 12 2.5.1. National grid ........................................................................................................... 12 2.5.2. Regional grid .......................................................................................................... 12 2.5.3. Distribution grid ..................................................................................................... 12 2.5.4. Price areas .............................................................................................................. 13 2.6. Distributed generation ................................................................................................... 13 2.7. Electrical grid on Gotland ............................................................................................. 13 2.8. Microgeneration ............................................................................................................ 14 2.9. Electric load ................................................................................................................... 14 3. Methods and Data .............................................................................................................. 16 3.1. Solar radiation ............................................................................................................... 16 II 3.2. Building types and building area ................................................................................... 16 3.2.1. Roof Shape and angle ............................................................................................. 17 3.3. Building categories ........................................................................................................ 17 3.3.1. Roof Type ............................................................................................................... 18 3.3.2. Roof area ................................................................................................................ 18 3.4. Azimuth angle ............................................................................................................... 18 3.4.1. Azimuth angles impact on a tilted surface respectively flat surface ...................... 19 3.4.2. Buildings azimuth orientation ................................................................................ 22 3.4.3. Available area for PV arrays on a flat roofs ........................................................... 22 3.5. Additional limiting factors ............................................................................................ 23 3.5.1. Shading ................................................................................................................... 23 3.5.2. Snow and soiling losses .......................................................................................... 24 3.6. Total reductions ............................................................................................................. 24 3.7. Data and building categorization ................................................................................... 24 3.8. Load data and electric energy consumption .................................................................. 26 3.9. Wind power simulation and data ................................................................................... 26 3.10. Hourly comparison ...................................................................................................... 28 4. Results ................................................................................................................................. 29 4.1. Summary of the PV power potential 2010-2012 ........................................................... 29 4.2. Wind Power ................................................................................................................... 31 4.3. Load and consumption data on average year ................................................................ 32 4.4. Monthly electric consumption and production .............................................................. 33 4.5. Potential PV power capacity with the current and prospective submarine power cable .............................................................................................................................................. 35 5. Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 37 6. Future Work ......................................................................................................................... 38 7. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 39 8. Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. 39 9. References ........................................................................................................................... 40 9.1. Data ............................................................................................................................... 40 9.2. Literature ....................................................................................................................... 41 Appendix A ............................................................................................................................. 45 III 1. A.1. Hourly and monthly PV power potential per year.................................................... 45 A.2. Theoretical PV power potential for the different building categories .......................... 47 Appendix B .............................................................................................................................. 49 1. B Wind power simulation................................................................................................. 49 Appendix C. ............................................................................................................................ 51 1. C. Figures and tables of the data material ........................................................................ 51 IV Photovoltaic power potential on Gotland: A comparison with load, wind power and power export possibilities EMIL ZAAR Zaar, E., 2016: Photovoltaic