®MIT Mixed Projects 2013 - 2014 -Maarten van Dam 1352458- -Lidy Meijers, Wouter Willers, Frank Koopman- 2013 Table of contents Urban analysis 5 Historical development The project area Conclusion Architectural analysis 13 The history of the Haarlemmerpoort The architect The context of the Haarlemmerpoort The architecture of the Haarlemmerpoort Conclusion Building technology analysis 23 The foundation of the Haarlemmerpoort The structure of the Haarlemmerpoort How is it build? The current state of the Haarlemmerpoort Value assessment 32 Context value Object value Bibliography 34 Literature Figures 2014 -Maarten van Dam 1352458- Urban analysis Research question How is the transition between the 'Algemeen UitbreidingsPlan' and the development based on the urban plan by J. Kalff in Asmterdam-West? Is there a fracture or connection between the two build-era's. This question is focused on the build situation of the 1930's. Historical development In the 19th century Amsterdam was recovering from a malaise. Due to expansive warfare with neighbouring countries and de- ferred maintenance on the water trade routes Amsterdam lost his fortune from the 'gouden eeuw'. In 1876 the Noordzeekanaal was finished which revived the mar- itime trade. Amsterdam's harbour became once again an eco- nomical centre. The port of Amsterdam needed a large work- force which led to overpopulation in the city centre.1 The migration towards Amsterdam resulted in an accelerated urban development late 19th century. Due to annexation with the surrounding village's it became possible for Amsterdam to extend beyond the border that was marked by the Singel- gracht.2 In 1877 J. Kalff presented a plan to extend Amsterdam annular (fig 1.1). His plan followed the existing polder landscape, saving fi g. 1.1 (van Dam) the government money not having to re-sculpture the land. The housing blocks would be build by the private sector. Mean- ing that everything was built to make profit.1 The most im- portant difference between the houses in the city centre and those build in Plan Kalff can be found in the building line. While the houses in the centre all have an different appearance in hight, size and window alignment, those in Plan Kalff are show- ing systemically build row houses. You can see they are built as a project due to its similar window, door and building size. From 1928 onwards the city calculated it would grow exces- sively over the next 70 years to over 1 million inhabitants. Plan Kalff was completed and a new plan for further extension was needed. The Algemeen Uitbreidings Plan (AUP) was designed and officially accepted by the state in 1935. At that time some new neighbourhoods were already constructed.3 The founders of the AUP are C. van Eesteren and T van Lohuizen, both mod- ernist architects and urban planners. They were true 'believ- ers' of the 'nieuwe bouwen' that was developed in CIAM.4 While the houses of Plan Kalff show a similarity in de- sign and detailing with the city centre, the AUP was a whole new type of house design in Amsterdam. fi g. 1.2 (Dienst der Publieke Werken Amsterdam, 1934) 1 Gemeente Amsterdam Sector Stadsontwikkeling Dienst der Pub- lieke Werken, 1975 2 Velde, 1968 3 Dienst der Publieke Werken, 1934 4 The 'nieuwe bouwen' follows the principles 'light, air and space'. Qualities everyone should have for there living space. Beside the upgrade for the habitat of the economical weaker section the separation of func- tion working, living and recreation was essential. -Lidy Meijers, Wouter Willers, Frank Koopman- 6 2013 2 1 fi g 1.3 (Gemeente Amsterdam Sector Stadsontwikkeling Dienst der Publieke Werken, 1975) (van Dam) The different urban approach of Plan Kalff and the AUP is fur- ther illustrated by figure 1.3. The black striped area's repre- sent the planned or existing district centres. The centre (1) ob- viously existed already. The Sloterdijk area (2) is a new centre planned with the AUP. This was the first plan for Amsterdam that develops new centres that could indicate that the AUP was seen as a sort of satellite city. The project area fi g. 1.4 (van Dam) Figure 1.4 shows the growth of Amsterdam through its histo- ry. The pointy figure drawn in this map is Amsterdam-West, the project area for the graduation program of RMIT. The area contains a mixture of different building types and different building times. Before Amsterdam took over the land, the landscape consisted mainly out of polder. When you compare the polder landscape with the build city you can find several resemblances. The way the farmers parcelled the land is still visible on some places. For example: the parcels on the southwest where the water streams take a little turn to the west, one of these streams now became a vital traffic road for the district fi g. 1.5 (tussen haarlemmerweg en.....) 2014 7 -Maarten van Dam 1352458- The mapped time-line (fig 1.6) shows the development of the Amsterdam West: 60 years of planning and 95 building. city over time. Plan Kalff was drawn in 1877 and construct- ed shortly after. Between Plan Kalff and the AUP is a time difference of only 60 years. This era can be found in the map as the blue building blocks. The AUP is coloured green. Am- 1877 sterdam-West was mostly built before the plan was officially applied. In the timespan of just 60 years the city grew rapidly, Amster- dam-West had the most explosive growth. As the city grew so did the different styles in architecture. Meaning that the col- ours of building blocks in the maps of figure 1.6 not only show there age but also there building style. You can imagine that there are several fracture lines in district West. Not only the built environment left there markings in the area. The (old) railway, the Haarlemmertrekvaart and weg, the high- 1900 way A10, the wholesale area and other canals are creating dis- tance between the different neighbourhoods. While the High- way A10 is cuts through the city in a south - north direction, the Haarlemmertrekvaart together with the Haarlemmerweg are dividing Amsterdam-West in east - west direction. Since the northern part consist mainly out of harbors and working area, ill be focusing on the southern part. road train canal 1935 1970 / Present industrial area, not accessible the IJ fi g. 1.6 (van Dam) fi g. 1.7 (van Dam) -Lidy Meijers, Wouter Willers, Frank Koopman- 8 2013 As seen on figure 1.4, the southern part of Amsterdam-West contains out of different building dates and architectural styles. Beside the differentiation by style there are more bar- riers between the neighbourhoods. Some of these barriers are shown with figure 1.8 by photo's. The picture are to indicate 1 1.1 how that specific fracture line is shaped. Photo 1 and 1.1 are showing the ring-highway A10, a wide road that cuts through the 'Bos en Lommer' neighbourhood bringing noise and pollution. The A10 is raised from the surface creating tunnels as transition between 'Bos en Lommer oost' en Bos en Lommer west'. Photo 2 represents the barrier made by the 'Bos en Lommer- weg'. This wide road is the biggest border that can be found between Plan Kalff and the AUP. The wideness of the road counteracts a possible connection between the volumes of each side of the road. Beside the Bos en Lommerweg there are several other heavily used roads cutting through neighbour- hoods, the other roads indicated here are the Haarlemmerweg on the north and the Admiraal de Ruyterweg that goes from north to south. Photo 3 is the gate to the former foodmarket of West. The area was a wholesale area which brings a lot of trucks and other logistics. Although the biggest volume, the Markethall, lost his function the food industry is still very active. The fi g. 1.8 (van Dam) southern entrance seen on the photo shows the physical and mental border of this industrial area, in form of an actual gate including barriers and control booths. 2 4 Photo 4 represents the last type of barrier, the waterways. There is more water in Amsterdam-West then is indicated in figure 1.8. The canals indicated here are those that cut through roads that are not directly supported by a bridge. The blue water creates a distance between neighbourhoods which can only be overcome by bridges. A detail is that Plan Kalff has 3 substantial more bridges then the AUP, the waterways are in such direction however that it cuts more through roads then at the west part of Amsterdam-West. Its important to realise that these precedents, except the foodcenter, create barriers in their direct surroundings but simultaneously make connections between other area's. This means they are not only dividing area's, they also connect ar- ea's but on a different scale. 2014 9 -Maarten van Dam 1352458- 1 2 3 Conclusion Looking back at the previous paragraphs you can conclude that Amsterdam-West is an district that contains neighbourhoods 7 which were build in different times by different architecture. The city grew following the landscape that was parcelled by the farmers. This landscape resulted in a linear urbanism that 5 can be seen through out the whole of Amsterdam-West. If you take out the knowledge about the different architecture 4 and only see the map as on figure 1.9 you can still point out the different neighbourhoods. At first sight everything is the same except maybe the direction of the volumes, a closer look tells us however there are special volumes introducing the different 6 neighbourhoods.