Great War Battlefields Study Tour Briefing Notes & Activity Sheets Students Name briefing notes one Introduction The First World War or Great War was a truly terrible conflict. Ignored for many years by schools, the advent of the National Curriculum and the GCSE system reignited interest in the period. Now, thousands of pupils across the United Kingdom study the 1914-18 era and many pupils visit the battlefield sites in Belgium and France. Redevelopment and urban spread are slowly covering up these historic sites. The Mons battlefields disappeared many years ago, very little remains on the Ypres Salient and now even the Somme sites are under the threat of redevelopment. In 25 years time it is difficult to predict how much of what you see over the next few days will remain. The consequences of the Great War are still being felt today, in particular in such trouble spots as the Middle East, Northern Ireland and Bosnia.Many commentators in 1919 believed that the so-called war to end all wars was nothing of the sort and would inevitably lead to another conflict. So it did, in 1939. You will see the impact the war had on a local and personal level. Communities such as Grimsby, Hull, Accrington, Barnsley and Bradford felt the impact of war particularly sharply as their Pals or Chums Battalions were cut to pieces in minutes during the Battle of the Somme. We will be focusing on the impact on an even smaller community, our school. We will do this not so as to glorify war or the part oldmillhillians played in it but so as to use these men’s experiences to connect with events on the Western Front. Mill Hill was a very different community in 1914. It was single-sex and drew its pupils largely from the Nonconformist Christian community throughout England and Wales. The School’s connections with Yorkshire and Wales were particularly strong. We shall see that the events of July 1, 1916 on the Somme and the tragedy awaiting the Bradford Pals have a particular resonance for our community. Pupils did not only come from outside of London however and we shall encounter a number of Millhillians who rather than taking the normal route for public schoolboys and becoming officers, preferred to serve as enlisted men in what were effectively public school’s pals battalions. For one of these battalions, July 1st would also be a day of disastrous failure. briefing notes two Introduction continued In two days, you will visit the Sanctuary Wood Museum in Ieper, the new study centre at the Newfoundland Memorial Park in the Somme and make 8 site visits, including one to a long stretch of preserved trenches in the Belgian town of Diksmuide. The static nature of war during the years 1914-18 and the existence of hundreds of Commonwealth War Graves sites, make it possible to track the events of the war in a quite unique way. By analysing the cemeteries, maintained with such care by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, it is possible not only to follow the flow of battles but also to get an understanding of the scale of loss involved, particularly when dealing with the Somme battles in 1916 and The 3rd Battle of Ypres or Passchendaele in 1917. As you view the battlefield sites, it will quickly become obvious to you how the battles of the Great War were doomed to what the British Commanders called HCI or Heavy Casualty Inevitability. A far more difficult question to deal with is why both sides persisted with tactics, which were destined to bleed their countries dry. briefing notes three The Trench of Death 1 at Diksmuide This line of trenches was of critical importance to the Belgian Army between the years 1915-18. The line as you see it now has been permanently recreated in concrete by engineers of the Belgian Army. There was a great deal of fighting in this area during the war. The German lines were just across the canal from where you are standing. Behind you much of the land was flooded by the Belgians to stop it falling into enemy hands. Diksmuide itself was destroyed in the war. briefing notes four 1 The Trench of Death at Diksmuide continued The town square may have the feel of the 17th Century about it but it dates mainly from the 1920s and 30s. The Hotel de Vrede, where you will eat supper, was the site of a particularly deadly German machine gun post during the war. Just outside of Diksmuide is the site of the first gas attack in history. Here, the Germans used Chlorine Gas to break through the allied lines at the point where they were held by French Colonial troops. The breakthrough was halted by Canadian troops activity sheet five Activity One: The Trench of Death Diksmuide Read the briefing notes on The Trench of Death • In small groups, walk through the trench system, looking carefully at all the features which have survived. Then answer these questions in the spaces provided. • Identify all the features of trench design that you can see in this site. • Now list all the features that you would expect to find in a trench system but are not present here. activity sheet six Activity One: The Trench of Death Diksmuide continued What do you think you have learnt from visiting these trenches which you could not learn from studying trench warfare in the classroom? briefing notes seven Essex Farm Cemetery Essex Farm is typical of the smaller Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) cemeteries. 2 1.7 million Commonwealth war dead are commemorated at CWGC sites all over the world. These sites are immediately recognisable by the Portland stone Cross of Sacrifice, which has a prominent position in each. A British Dressing Station in France 1916. This would have been the scene at Essex Farm in the years 1915-18 briefing notes eight Essex Farm Cemetery continued As you enter the cemetery, you will see a bronze locker. This locker contains the cemetery directory and a visitor’s book. The directory will help you to navigate the cemetery and make it possible for you to find particular soldiers buried here. 2 The headstones are just under a metre in height and show the following information: Row Reference Number Regimental Badge (shown on edge of stone) Service Number and Rank Name Date of Death Regiment and Age Religious Symbol Dedication briefing notes nine Essex Farm Cemetery continued Many men could not be identified and therefore they have simpler headstones bearing an inscription such as A Soldier of the Great War. The dedication on these headstones, Known unto God, was selected by Rudyard Kipling. Kipling took a great interest in the establishment of these cemeteries as, for many years, he tried in vain to find the body of his 2 son John, an Irish Guard’s officer. John Kipling’s body was finally discovered in the 1990’s Many visit this site today because it is here that the famous poem In Flanders Fields was written by Canadian doctor Lt Col John McCrea. In Flanders Fields In Flanders fields the poppies blow Between the crosses, row on row, That mark our place, and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly Scarce heard amid the guns below. We are the Dead, short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders fields Take up our quarrel with the foe To you from failing hands we throw The torch, be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with we who die We shall not sleep though poppies grow In Flanders fields. • McCrea wrote this poem in 1915, following the death of a close friend. McCrea died in 1918. Close to the cemetery are the remains of British dugouts and field dressing stations. Here, wounded men would be brought from the fighting on the Ypres Salient. Many men buried here would have been those who died of their wounds. Strudwick’s youth is by no means unique. Private John Condon was also killed in action near Ypes - reputedly before his 15th birthday. There are accounts of soldiers aged as young as 12 serving in the trenches and it has been established that there were more under age soldiers serving in the British Army in France and Belgium in 1915 than the total number in Wellington’s army at the Battle of Waterloo see Boy Soldiers of the Great War by Richard Van Emden. activity sheet ten Activity Two: Essex Farm Cemetery Read the briefing notes on Essex Farm Cemetery In small groups, find the following graves: • Frederick Leopold Pusch DSO * • Valentine Strudwick • T. Barratt VC * • Any grave showing a non-Christian symbol *The VC or Victoria Cross is the British Army’s highest award for bravery. The DSO or Distinguished Service Order is the next highest award. Chose one of the above. • Write here any information you can gain about the soldier you have chosen by using information available at this cemetery. activity sheet eleven Activity Two: Essex Farm Cemetery continued What other questions would you like answered about the character you have selected? What kinds of sources might provide the answers to these questions? briefing notes twelve Ypres Ypres was a major centre of British activity during the Great War. The British occupied a salient, in other words they were surrounded on three sides by the opposing Germans. The Germans 3 also occupied the higher ground. Journalist C E Montague thought that Ypres resembled an amphitheatre, with the British centre stage.