DISARMAMENT AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY COMMITTEE DISEC 1 LETTER OF THE DAIS Hello everyone and welcome to DISEC. My name is Andre Diaz and it is my pleasure to be directing this committee along Rodrigo, Faviana and María Alejandra. I am currently a 7th semester Law Student in Lima that works in finance. I was introduced to the MUN world in 2016, when I joined Peruvian Debate Society. Ever since, I’ve debated in two HNMUN, one edition of MUNUR and once in HNMUNLA. My particular experience in MUN has always orbited around crisis committees. In such way, every committee I’ve ever participated in has had crisis elements. As a delegate that largely favours negotiation as MUN’s foremost skill, I find that the Directives Dynamic that crisis offers is unique in that constant negotiation and consensus-reaching is absolutely necessary for a delegate to stand out as a leader in his or her committee. Furthermore, a dynamic and ever-moving debate that is open towards flexibility (and delegates that push it forward) is what I look for in a Committee that I chair. Both Independence Movements and Private Military Security Companies are topics in which I have a vested interest. I really do believe that the international community –with the General Assembly as its most important forum of discussion– has yet to reach a clear agreements and determinations on both subjects, that affect almost every nation in the UN. Furthermore, such topics represent, in my view, significant elements towards the maintenance of peace and security at an international level. First, I believe that the Repercussions of Independence Movements has yet to be discussed from a Peace and Security point of view. Last year’s developments in Catalonia, Scotland and Kurdistan have brought to the international eye the question of how nationalistic sentiment and self-determination intertwine with International Security of the regions in which Independence Movements operate. On another note, I find the worldview split around PMSCs and their existence is quite interesting to approach from a “private manifestation vs collective security” point of view. Furthermore, I expect delegates to delve in the repercussions of how PMSCs finance themselves and whether such a structure is beneficial to Collective Security, more so given Academi’s 2014 acquisition by Constellis Group. As much of life, there are no correct answers to these sub-debates, so I in particular expect the debate to be approached from a clearly-marked block structure that gives way to dynamic negotiation and middle-ground-reaching. I really hope that you can contact us with any and all doubts regarding the committee, as I also value substantive delegate preparation highly and in this sense the Colombian circuit has never failed to surprise me. I wish everyone the best of luck. Yours sincerely, Andre Diaz [email protected] 2 Hello Delegates! Welcome to the Disarmament and International Security Committee of MUNUR 18’! My name is Rodrigo Guzmán. I am currently a first year Music Student, looking for an specialisation in Music Business and Musical Production. I have been participating in Model UN since 2015 and joined Peruvian Debate Society in 2016. Since my incorporation to the team, I have had the opportunity to push myself to the limit debating conferences such as Harvard National Model United Nations twice, Harvard National Model United Nations Latin-America and MUNUR 17’. What I find interesting of MUN is the fact that helps you to know yourself, your capacity and limits, assuring the holistic development of social skills. As a chair, I like dynamism in the debate, as well as delegates that push the debate forward. Although diplomacy is a very important aspect of the delegate, negotiation and leadership will be two key points to define the way the committee is seen by me as a Director. My point of view of the two topics is that they are both rich in information and specific cases. In the case of Private Military and Security Companies, I find very controversial the reasons why people can accept the conditions of this job, besides the International Law principles involved in each of the specific situations and the way they can be compromised during conflicts or operations. What I look for in this topic is a polarized debate that can push your skills to the limit. In the case of Independence Movements, is very important to recognize the impact of the topic all around the world during the last months, is a topic with a lot of grey areas that can and should be discussed, including the way that Human Rights are involved. In this topic I would like to see a more technical debate, looking for the definitions that need to be established in order to stabilize the situation inside the countries that count with the movements mentioned in our case studies. We are definitely open to all the questions you may have regarding the topics or the dynamics of the committee, we are going to be happy to guide your preparation and focusing of the debate! Best of luck, Rodrigo Guzmán [email protected] 3 My name is Faviana Gonzalez and and I am pleased to have the opportunity to be the moderator of the first committee of the General Assembly of the Model of the United Nations of the Universidad del Rosario. I was born in Lima, Peru and I am currently studying Communications at the University of Lima and planning to specialized in the area of Corporative Communications. I am part of the International Delegation of Peru since 2016 and I have been able to participate in national and international conferences, including HNMUNLA 2017 and 2018, Worldmun 2017 where I debated in the DISEC committee in Canada, and Worldmun 2018 where I managed to obtain a diplomacy award in the Unicef committee, in Panama. In my free time I like to carry out activities such as being part of my University’s International Relations’ Club and the PALS program, which is responsible for receiving foreign students at the university. I am also part of the international debate promoter: PRIDE. I like to travel, know different cultures, share different ideologies and have experiences out of my comfort zone, and it is gratifying that the models of the United Nations allow me to do all of this with an academic purpose. During the conference, I invite you to contact me for any questions. I really enjoy the spontaneity of the delegates and I value creativity a lot. Because security companies working and private military during war are apparently the new business industry and a independence movement can cause trouble and drastic consequences in International Security , we have very high expectations and look forward to find innovative solutions for the two issues that arise. Sincerely, Faviana González [email protected] 4 Welcome everyone to this edition of MUNUR’s DISEC! My name is María Alejandra Correa and I’m extremely excited to be presiding this committee, one I hold very dear in my heart. I am about to graduate in Journalism and Public Opinion from Universidad del Rosario. Currently, I’m doing my internship in a state agency and learning as much as I can from a professional environment. I thoroughly enjoy debating, international journalism and any highly justified argumentation. I’m relatively new to the MUN circuit, only having participated as a delegate for two and a half years. Nonetheless, the short amount of time I’ve been taking part in models is not directly proportional to the level of quality that amounts to my experience. I’ve had the honor of representing my University in different competitions, national and internationally. One of the most challenging and competitive ones was definitely HNMUN, scenario where I had the fortune on competing twice, earning a Best Delegate Award. I’m usually very brief (excessive words are more likely to be confusing than explanatory) so I would like to finish up by stating that both topics presented on this guide are deserving of a fruitful and responsible debate, and I’m hopeful that you will live up to my high expectations. Sincerely, María Alejandra Correa Barrera [email protected] 5 TOPIC A: PRIVATE MILITARY & SECURITY COMPANIES history of the problem and discussion British soldiers, their lack of expertise in civil warfare was palpable. PMSCs became an asset that could Introduction assure political legitimacy and stability by offering trained and skilled military personnel. As stated by The history of mercenaries, fighters hired for military Baum and McGahan: operations by states or city-states, can be traced back across centuries. Opinions differ but historians have Unable to clearly define their interests or to tracked down the origins of private military services mount armies effectively in intrastate conflict, the as far as Late Bronze Age Egypt (Brauer, 1999) to ambivalence of Cold-War-era sovereign authorities 11th century Northern Italy (Brooks, 2000) . Even so, created a vacuum in security and policing in conflict commercialization of security begins in Europe, as a areas. This, in turn, created opportunities for PMCs result of cities beginning to tax their citizens in order to contract directly with developing states to provide to pay a third party to guarantee their security and security details and even combat forces. Unlike their defend their territory. Soldiers for hire began being sovereign counterparts, PMCs were typically willing commonly used during the Middle Ages, and its use and able to become involved directly in the intrastate spread during the Industrial Revolution, as a result conflicts of developing nations that erupted as the of technological advances and country’s reliance Cold War ended (2009, pg.