Acta Universitatis Lapponiensis 372368 ISAACMIRJ AKABELENGA KÖNGÄS Elder”Eihän Abuse lapsil in rural ees and oo urbanhermoja” Zambia EtnografinenInterview-study tutkimus lasten with communitytunneälystä leaderspäiväkotiarjessa AkateeminenAcademic dissertation väitöskirja, joka Lapin yliopistonto be publicly yhteiskuntatieteiden defended with tiedekunnanthe permission suostumuksella esitetäänof the julkisesti Faculty of tarkastettavaksi Social Sciences Lapin at the yliopiston University luentosalissa of Lapland 10 in lecturemaaliskuun room 3 on9. päivänä 15 June 2018 2018 klo at 1212 noon Supervisors: Professor. Merja Laitinen Professor. Marjaana Seppanen Rovaniemi 2018 Acta Universitatis Lapponiensis 372368 ISAACMIRJ AKABELENGA KÖNGÄS Elder”Eihän Abuse lapsil in rural ees and oo urbanhermoja” Zambia EtnografinenInterview-study tutkimus lasten with communitytunneälystä leaderspäiväkotiarjessa Akateeminen väitöskirja, joka Lapin yliopiston yhteiskuntatieteiden tiedekunnan suostumuksella esitetään julkisesti tarkastettavaksi Lapin yliopiston luentosalissa 10 maaliskuun 9. päivänä 2018 klo 12 Rovaniemi 2018 University of Lapland Faculty of Social Sciences © Isaac Kabelenga Layout: Essi Saloranta / Kronolia Cover: Miia An ttila Sales: Lapland University Press PL 8123 FI-96101 Rovaniemi Finland tel. +358 40 821 4242 publications@ulapland. www.ulapland. /LUP University of Lapland Printing Centre, Rovaniemi 2018 Printed work: Acta Universitatis Lapponiensis 372 ISBN 978-952-337-075-3 ISSN 0788-7604 PDF: Acta electronica Universitatis Lapponiensis 239 ISBN 978-952-337-076-0 ISSN 1796-6310 Table of contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................7 Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................9 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 Study aim and objectives ............................................................................................................ 13 1.3 Research questions ....................................................................................................................... 15 1.4 Structure of the thesis ................................................................................................................. 15 2 Review of existing literature on elder abuse .................................................................... 17 2.1 Definitions, forms, prevalence and consequences of elder abuse ....................................... 17 2.2 Theoretical explanations of elder abuse ................................................................................... 29 2.3 Measures proposed and used to address elder abuse ............................................................. 40 2.4 Literature review on elder abuse in Zambia ........................................................................... 47 3 Research process ............................................................................................................................ 56 3.1 Social constructionism and qualitative approach as methodological commitments .... 56 3.2 Data collection ............................................................................................................................. 59 3.2.1 Rural and Urban community as study sites ............................................................... 59 3.2.2 Interviewees ..................................................................................................................... 63 3.3 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 79 3.4 Ethical considerations ................................................................................................................. 87 4 Views of community leaders about elder abuse ............................................................. 92 4.1 Elder people as victims of abuse ................................................................................................ 92 4.2 Elder abuse as a social issue ......................................................................................................112 4.2.1 Elder abuse as a social issue at local community levels ..........................................113 4.2.2 Elder abuse as a social issue at national level ...........................................................119 4.3 Factors that explain elder abuse in the two communities ..................................................121 5 Views of the community leaders on further actions against elder abuse ........140 5.1 Measures used to address elder abuse .....................................................................................140 5.2 Suggested ways to intervene in elder abuse...........................................................................154 6 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................166 6.1 Summary of the major findings of the study ........................................................................166 6.2 Discussion ...................................................................................................................................174 6.2.1 Elder abuse as a global issue including local ways of knowing and doing .........174 6.2.2 Proposed Model of Elder Abuse in Zambia ............................................................189 6.2.3 Evaluation of the research ...........................................................................................193 6.2.4 Limitations of the Research Project..........................................................................197 6.2.5 Reflection on learning and personal developments through research ...............199 6.2.6 Ideas for further research.............................................................................................204 References .................................................................................................................................................210 Appendices ...............................................................................................................................................228 Appendix.1 Consent form ................................................................................................................228 Appendix.2 Study guide used in data collection ..........................................................................230 Appendix.3 Introductory letters used during fieldwork.............................................................234 Appendix.4 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................236 List of figures Figure 1 Ecological theory/model .................................................................................................... 36 Figure 2 Marxist theory of violence against older people ............................................................ 38 Figure 3 Map of Zambia ...................................................................................................................... 47 Figure 4 Conceptual diagram of the overall analysis ..................................................................... 86 Figure 5 Meanings of elder abuse ....................................................................................................111 Figure 6 Factors that explain elder abuse ......................................................................................121 Figure 7 Measures used to address elder abuse .............................................................................141 Figure 8 Suggested ways to intervene in elder abuse ...................................................................154 Figure 9 Proposed model of elder abuse in Zambia ....................................................................192 Acknowledgements This work was made possible by the assistance and cooperation I received from various people. In light of this, I would like to extend special and sincere thanks to my supervisors, Prof. Merja Laitinen and Prof. Marjaana Seppanen for the guidance throughout my studies. This final product was made possible with their patient guidance and tireless efforts. They were so nice to me through out my academic journey. I thank you with my whole heart! Please keep afloat the excellent academic spirits and may God richly bless you for the wonderful support given to me! I am also thankful indeed to the pre-examiners – Prof. Mo Ray from University of Lincoln, United Kingdom and Dr. Helena Blomberg-Kroll from University of Helsinki, Finland for pre-examining my thesis. Special thanks go to Prof. Helena Blomberg- Kroll for willing to be my opponent during public defence of my dissertation. I would like also to say thank you to Prof. Tarja Orjasniemi at University of Lapland who did preliminary internal evaluation of my thesis. Minna Nousiainen also deserves my special thanks for all the administrative support that she gave to me during my studies. I am also grateful indeed to Miia