SEAMANSHIP TECHNIQUES 3rd Edition for: Shipboard & Maritime Operations Previous Works by the same Author Seamanship Techniques (Combined Volume) 2001, Heinemann. ISBN 07505 5231 4 Seamanship Techniques Volume III,‘The Command Companion’ 2000, Butterworth/Heinemann ISBN 07506 4443 5 Marine Survival and Rescue Systems (2nd Edition) 1997,Witherby, ISBN 1856091279 Navigation for Masters (2nd Edition) 1995,Witherby. ISBN 1856091473 An Introduction to Helicopter Operations at Sea – A Guide to Industry. (2nd Edition) 1998, Witherby, ISBN 1856091686 Cargo Work (Kemp and Young, 6th Edition) Revised. Butterworth/Heinemann. ISBN 0750639881 Anchor Practice – A Guide to Industry, 2001,Witherby. ISBN 1856092127 Marine Ferry Transports – An Operators Guide, 2002,Witherby. ISBN 1856092313 Dry Docking and Shipboard Maintenance, 2002,Witherby. ISBN 1856092453 Website: www.djhouseonline.com SEAMANSHIP TECHNIQUES THIRD EDITION for: Shipboard & Maritime Operations D.J. HOUSE (Master Mariner) 300 mm TF 540 mm F FWA T LR S W WNA 450 mm OXFORD AMSTERDAM BOSTON LONDON NEW YORK PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 200 Wheeler Road,Burlington, MA 01803 First published as two volumes 1987 Volume 1 first published as paperback 1989 Volume 2 first published as paperback 1990 Single volume edition 1994 Reprinted 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999 (twice) Second edition 2001 Reprinted 2003 Third edition 2004 Copyright © 1987, 1994, 2001, 2004, D. J. House.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1T 4LP.Application for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science and Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (ϩ44) (0) 1865 843830; fax: (ϩ44) (0) 1865 853333; e-mail: [email protected] may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’. ISBN 0 7506 6315 4 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at www.books.elsevier.com For information about the author and additional publications visit website www.djhouseonline.com Typeset by Charon Tec Pvt.Ltd., Chennai, India Printed and bound in United Kingdom CONTENTS Preface to 1st edition (Part One) xiii Preface to 3rd edition xiv Acknowledgments xv About the author xvii Abbreviations xviii 1. THE SHIP Introduction 1 Terms and definitions 1 Terms and definitions concerning stability 6 Varieties of ship 8 Plate and construction terms 8 Main structural members – compensating stress factors affecting the vessel 22 Stresses in ship structures 23 Loadlines 25 2. ANCHOR WORK (FUNDAMENTALS) Introduction 28 Anchors 28 Tests on anchors 31 Marks on anchors 33 Anchor certificate 33 Chain cable tests 33 Notes on cable 34 Kenter lugless joining shackle 35 ‘D’ lugged joining shackle 36 Securing and stowage of anchors 36 Securing anchor and cable 37 Steam windlass operation 37 Preparing anchor for ‘letting go’ 38 Disc brake systems for anchor handling windlass 38 Cable holders 42 Procedure for coming to anchor 43 Clearing away anchors 44 Chain cable/stud-link general information 45 Anchor terminology 46 Watch at anchor 50 Anchoring facility for high speed craft 53 Mooring anchors 54 The ‘flipper delta’ anchor 55 vi Contents 3. ROPEWORK Introduction 57 Natural fibre ropes 57 Lay of rope 60 Small stuff 61 Synthetic fibre ropes 63 Bends and hitches 66 Working aloft and overside 70 Seizings 72 Ropework and cordage tools 73 Worming, parcelling and serving 74 Cordage splice 74 Whippings 76 Marrying two ropes together 77 To pass a stopper 77 Breaking out mooring rope 80 4. WIREWORK AND RIGGING Introduction 81 Steel wire rope 81 Steel wire rope rigging 85 Rigging fitments 89 Wire splicing 92 Stowage of wire hawsers 95 Safe handling procedures for wire rope 95 Mousing a hook or shackle pin 96 Blocks – care and maintenance 97 Blocks and tackles 99 5. LIFTING GEAR Introduction 105 Derricks 105 Union purchase 108 Safe handling practice for derricks 111 Doubling-up procedure 112 Yo-Yo rig 113 Hallen universal derrick 113 Velle shipshape crane 114 Heavy lift procedures 115 Cranes 126 Cranes and derricks – advantages and disadvantages 127 Derrick tests and surveys 128 Calculating stresses in derricks by empirical formula 130 6. CARGO AND HATCHWORK Introduction 138 Conventional hatch 138 Conventional hold 139 Contents vii Steel hatch cover 141 General cargo terminology 145 Duties of the junior cargo officer 148 Cargo duties of the chief officer 150 Hold preparation 151 Stowage methods 153 Cargo handling 154 Ventilation 157 Refrigerated cargoes 157 Carriage of goods in deep tanks 159 Dangerous/hazardous cargoes 160 Cargo plans 162 Roll on–roll off system 164 List of relevant container definitions and terms 167 Loading containers 170 Container tonnage 171 Loadicators and loading plan computers 179 Tankers 179 7. BOATWORK AND LIFE SAVING APPLIANCES Introduction 181 Selected terminology and definitions 181 Parts of the lifeboat 185 Types of wood construction 188 Boat fitments 189 Totally enclosed survival craft 197 Partially enclosed boats 203 Free fall lifeboats 205 Life saving appliances 207 Boat rigging 210 Launching procedure 213 Taking boat away from ship’s side 218 Boat recovery in heavy weather 219 Beaching a lifeboat 220 Boat handling and safe procedures 221 Sail theory 222 Sail terminology 224 8. SURVIVAL CRAFT AND PRACTICE Introduction 225 Survival systems international 225 The inflatable life raft 227 Launching inflatable life raft 233 Boarding raft 234 Rigid life rafts 234 The davit launched life raft 235 Additional fitments to raft 243 Abandoning ship 243 viii Contents Marine evacuation system (MES) 248 Evacuation-slide launching and embarkation 250 MES variations 250 Inspection and maintenance of MES 250 Marine evacuation chute (MEC) system 251 Righting capsized life raft 253 Beaching a life raft 253 Ropax vessels in coastal waters 255 Emergency equipment lockers for Ro-Ro passenger ships 268 9. COMMUNICATIONS Introduction 275 Terminology and definitions for communications 275 Methods employed in the marine industry 276 Flag signalling terms 281 Single letter meanings – International code of signals 282 Signalling by international code flags 283 Important two-letter signals 287 Sample messages employing international code of signals 288 Flag maintenance 289 Wearing of ensigns 290 Morse code procedure – signalling by flashlight 293 Morse code regular procedural signals 294 Morse code signalling by hand flags or arms 295 10. WATCHKEEPING DUTIES Introduction 297 Master’s responsibilities 297 The integrated bridge 299 Functions of the integrated bridge 299 Safety and redundancy 301 Watchkeeping – general duties 302 Duties of the officer of the watch (OOW) 302 Duties of the lookout 304 Duties of the helmsman 305 Duties of the standby man 306 Official publications 308 Security 314 Rigging pilot ladders 315 Mechanical pilot hoists 317 Ship to shore transit 321 11. MARINE INSTRUMENTS MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT Introduction 322 Sextant 323 Marine chronometer 327 Speed and depth 329 Contents ix The gyro compass 335 Changes in the ships compass systems 340 Modern gyro arrangements 340 Magnetic compass 341 Liquid magnetic compass 342 Dry card magnetic compass 348 Azimuth mirror 349 Pelorus 351 Automatic identification system (AIS) 352 Transponder information 353 AIS unit components 353 Voyage data recorders (VDR) 356 Hydrometer 357 Hygrometer 358 Precision aneroid barometer 358 12. METEOROLOGY Introduction 363 Meteorological terms 363 Forecast areas 371 Weather scales 372 Construction and interpretation of synoptic chart 372 Heavy weather precautions (general cargo vessels) open water conditions 376 Effects of heavy weather on vessel at sea 378 General behaviour of vessels in heavy weather 379 Tropical revolving storm 383 Ice terminology 385 Ice navigation 391 Single-letter signals between ice-breaker and assisted vessels 393 13. PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA Introduction 395 International regulations 395 Author’s comments 400 Judging another vessel’s heading at night 432 Special cases to rule of the road 433 Collision avoidance – HSC 435 High speed craft - features 436 High speed craft - watchkeeping practice 436 IALA maritime buoyage systems ‘A’ and ‘B’ 440 14. EMERGENCIES Introduction 445 Emergency contingency planning 445 Collision 446 Flooding 448 x Contents Damage control 450 Abandonment from the vessel 451 Rescue and recovery of survivors 455 Stranding/grounding 456 Beaching procedure 457 Grounding/beaching – summary 459 Deck department checklist for watertight integrity of hull following grounding or beaching 460 Engine room department checklist for machinery spaces following grounding or beaching