Notes Introduction 1. Ruth Capriles and Marisol Rodríguez de Gonzalo, “Economic and Business History in Venezuela,” in Business History in Latin America: the Experience of Seven Countries, eds. Carlos Dávila and Rory Miller (Liverpool, UK: Liverpool University Press, 1999), pp. 158–75; the quote is from p. 160. Octávio Rodriguez, Teoria do subdesenvolvimento da Cepal (Rio: Forense- Universitário, 1981). 2. World Bank, World Development Report 1999/2000 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 258–59; World Bank, 1999 World Development Indicators (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1999), pp. 204–10 for the mer- chandise trade and pp. 212–18 for the service trade. 3. Thomas L. Friedman, The Lexus and the Olive Tree (New York: Farr, Straus and Giroux, 1999), p. 52. 4. “World Stocks,” Asia Week (9 April 1999), p. 67. 5. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), World Investment Report 1997: Transnational Corporations, Market Structure and Competition Policy (New York: United Nations, 1997), pp. 72, 303. 6. World Development Report 1999/2000, p. 15. 7. Horacio Verbitsky, El vuelo (Buenos Aires: Planeta-Espejo de la Argentina, 1995). This is a remarkable mea culpa story by a naval officer who was involved in the operation that routinely eliminated opponents of the regime and subversives by drugging them first, then flying them out to the ocean, and finally dumping them into the ocean. 8. Maria Celina D’Araújo and Celso Castro, org., Ernesto Geisel, 2nd ed. (Rio: Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1997), p. 230. 9. Angelo Codevilla, “Is Pinochet the Model?” Foreign Affairs (November–December 1993), pp. 127–41. James F. Hoge, Jr., “A Conversation with President Cardoso,” Foreign Affairs (July–August 1995), pp. 62–75. 10. Emma Rothschild, “Globalization and the Return of History,” Foreign Policy (Summer 1999), pp. 106–17, esp. , 107. 11. David Held, Anthony McGrew, David Goldblatt and Jonathan Perraton, Global Transformation: Politics, Economics and Culture (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999), pp. 1–10. 12. Daniel Cohen, The Wealth of the World and the Poverty of Nations (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998); Andre Gunder Frank, Re-Orient: Global Economy in the Asian Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998); Jean-Marie Guéhenno, The End of the Nation State (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995); David Held, Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996); James Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel, eds., Governance without Government: Order and Change in the World Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992); and Susan Strange, The Retreat of the 187 188 Notes, pp. xix–4 State: the Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996). 13. Paul Hirst and Graeham Thompson, The Globalization in Question: the International Economy of the Possibilities of Governance (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1996). 14. Dani Rodrik, Has Globalization Gone Too Far? (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1997). 15. Linda Weiss, “Globalization and the Myth of the Powerless State,” New Left Review (September–October 1997), pp. 2–27, and her book, The Myth of the Powerless State (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998). 16. David Price, Before the Bulldozer: the Namiquara Indians and the World Bank (New York: Seven Locks Press, 1989). 17. Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society, Vol. 1: The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1996), pp. 92–6. 18. “New Ideas for the Old Left,” The Economist (17 January 1998), pp. 29–30. The word “rightwing” is mine. 19. Edgardo Boeninger, “The Chilean Political Transition to Democracy,” in From Dictatorship to Democracy: Rebuilding Political Consensus in Chile, eds. Joseph S. Tulchin and Augusto Varas (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1991), pp. 50–61, esp. , 58. 20. The quote is coming from: Antônio Carlos Pojo do Rêgo and João Paulo M. Peixoto, A política econômica das reformas administrativas no Brasil (Rio: Expressão e Cultura, 1998), p. 111. 21. Jorge Dominguez, “Latin American’s Crisis of Representation,” Foreign Affairs (January–February 1997), pp. 100–13. 22. Abraham Lowenthal, “Latin America: Ready for Partnership?” Foreign Affairs. America & the World 1993 (1993), pp. 74–92. 23. Jorge G. Castañeda, The Mexican Shock: Its Meaning for the U.S., trans. Maria Castañeda (New York: New Press, 1995), pp. 211–13. 24. George Soros, The Crisis of Global Capitalism (Open Society Endangered) (New York: Public Affairs, 1999), pp. 109–12. 25. Paul Krugman, “Dutch Tulips and Emerging Markets,” Foreign Affairs (July–August 1995), pp. 28–40, esp. , 29–30, and The Return of Depression Economics (New York: W.W. Norton, 1999). 1 Latin America in the Age of Globalization 1. Martin Carnoy, Manuel Castells, Stephen S. Cohen and Fernando Henrique Cardoso, The New Global Economy in the Information Age: Reflections on Our Changing World (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993). 2. Fernando Henrique Cardoso, “North–South Relations in the Present Context: a New Dependency?” in Carnoy et al., The New Global Economy., pp. 149–59 (154–5). 3. Ibid., p. 156. 4. World Bank, 1999 World Development Indicators, p. 14, World Development Report 1997: the State in a Changing World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 237. Notes, pp. 4–7 189 5. “World Stocks.” 6. William Greider, One World, Ready or Not: the Manic Logic of Global Capitalism (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), pp. 23–4. 7. Lowell Bryan and Diana Farrell, Market Unbound: Unleashing Global Capitalism (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996), p. 4. 8. Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the Nation State: How New Engines of Prosperity Are Reshaping Global Markets (New York: The Free Press, 1995), p. 5. 9. Kenichi Ohmae, “Putting Global Logic First,” in The Evolving Global Economy: Making Sense of the New World Order, ed. Kenichi Ohmae (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1995), pp. 129–37 (130). Bryan and Farrell, Market Unbound, pp. 2–3. 10. Jeffrey Sachs, “International Economics: Unlocking the Mysteries of Globalization,” Foreign Policy (Spring 1998), pp. 97–111 (107). 11. John Stopford and Susan Strange, with John S. Henley, Rival States, Rival Firms: Competition for World Market Shares (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 35–6. 12. Hirst and Thompson, Globalization in Question. Rothschild, “Globalization and the Return of History.” 13. Robert B. Reich, The Works of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for 21st-Century Capitalism (New York: Vintage Books, 1991), pp. 13–15. 14. Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflicts from 1500 to 2000 (New York: Random House, 1987). 15. This is the title of Dicken’s chapter 3. Global Shift: Transforming the World Economy, 3rd ed. (New York: The Guilford Press, 1998), p. 79. 16. Strange, The Retreat of the State, pp. 3–15. 17. Jeremy Brecher and Tim Costello, Global Village or Global Pillage: Economic Reconstruction from the Bottom Up (Boston: South End Press, 1994), p. 4. 18. In Indonesia, peasants who lost land to the modernization and development projects during the Suharto years are wanting their lands back: Margot Cohen, “Tackling a Bitter Legacy,” Asia Week (2 July 1998), pp. 22–7. Price, Before the Bulldozer. A highway construction project in Western Brazil destroyed vast tracts of indigenous land, and had been financed by the World Bank. 19. Ralph Nader and Lori Wallach, “GATT, NAFTA, and the Subversion of the Democratic Process,” in The Case against the Global Economy and for a Turn toward the Local, eds. Jerry Mander and Edward Goldsmith (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1996), pp. 92–107. Reinaldo Gonçalves, Globalização e desna- cionalização (São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 1999), pp. 11–18. 20. The editors of the New Political Economy devoted a whole issue to this issue of the negative impact of globalization on how to prevent the erosion of the past gains by liberal and socialist states. See John Kenneth Galbraith, “Preface,” New Political Economy (March 1997), pp. 5–9. 21. The Case against the Global Economy, p. 12. 22. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World Investment Report 1997, pp. 5, 303, 304. 23. “Front Notes” and Scott Weeks, “Debt Research on the Rise,” Latin Finance (July/August 1997), p. 9 and pp. 21–2, respectively. 24. World Bank, 1999 World Development Indicators, pp. 298–300. 25. International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook May 1998 (Washington, DC: IMF, 1998), pp. 3–5. Sachs. “International Economics,” p. 108. 190 Notes, pp. 7–13 26. World Bank, The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993). 27. “Introduction,” in States against Markets: the Limits of Globalization, eds. Robert Droyer and Daniel Drache (London and New York: Routledge, 1996), p. 1. 28. A. Kim Clark, The Redemptive Work: Railway and Nation in Ecuador, 1895–1930 (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Research Books, 1998). 29. ISI is generally known as import substitution industrialization. 30. Alain Roquié, The Military and the State in Latin America, trans. Paul E. Sigmund (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987). 31. Manuel Antonio Garretón, “Political Processes in an Authoritarian Regime: the Dynamics of Institutionalization and Opposition in Chile, 1973–1980,” in Military Rule in Chile: Dictatorship and Oppositions, eds. J. Samuel Valenzuela and Arturo Valenzuela (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 144–83, esp. 145–6. 32. Nigel Grimwade, International Trade: New Patterns of Trade, Production and Investment (New York: Routledge, 1989), Chapters 3 and 4 on the growth of world trade. John H. Jackson, “Managing the Trading System: the World Trade Organization and the Post-Uruguay Round GATT Agenda,” in Managing the World Economy: Fifty Years after Bretton Woods, ed. Peter B. Kenen (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1994), pp. 131–51. DeAnne Julius, Global Companies & Public Policy: the Growing Challenge of Foreign Direct Investment (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1990), pp.