AAAATTTTCGTATCTGTTGGAGTTAGATAAGCCTACGCTTGATGGACCGTTGGGTGGCTTTCTAAGTGAGCTCGTGCCATCACAATTAATATAAGGAATTGTAGATGTTTCTTTCGTTATAGGTATTTCAA AATAATTATAAGAACCTACGCCCTCGTCTTTCTCCATTGGAACAGTTGCCGTTTTCGCAGTTCTTTTTGGTTCAGTCCTCATATCATGTGATTCCCCTGGCTCTCCTGATCTTTTTATACTTACTTTGAAAT CGTCATATGTGTATTTCTTTGATGCAACTCCGATAACGAAGACAATGCTTCCAATAATAACTAAGAATTTGCATACCGTTATTAAACCTACCAAAAGTTTACCTATAAGCTTCTGTAATATTGGCCCCATCA TTGTTGTGAATACGCACCCTACCAAAAATGATGGGAAATCCAGCACAATACTGCCAGGCCCACTACCTATTGTAATTTTCCATCGTAACCAATCCCTTTTCAAATCCATCCGTGACTTCTATGTCTCGTTA CTTTCACAGCGTGTGGAGCTACTAGAAAAGTGGCAAAGCTAAACAGCTGATCGAAGTAAACAGAAAAGAACACTAATTGTAGATCAGGCTGTGTACTAGACCTTATTTTACTGTATTTTTTCGGAAAGAA AAAAGGAGCGCTTTGCAGATCGAAAGTTTCGCTCGTAAATTATTTGTAAGATGCTATTCATAATATGTTAACTGAGAGAAACCAGGTCAAAACAAAACAATTTTGGGCTCTTGCCTCCAAATTTGCCTACC CTAGAACAGGTATCCATTATCTCGCCTGTACCCGATTAAAAAAAAGACCAATTATTTAAAACTTCTCAAGAAGTTTCATATGCAGTGTATAAGTTGAAGGAATATAGGAATATATATCCTTCAGAAAAGCA ACACAATACCTAATTACATAACCGATATTTACCTTTTAGAGTGCCTCATTCTTGCAATCTTTCTGTTCGCCATAACACCACCGCCCATGCTCATGCCATTATTTGTTCCCATCCCCATCTGATTAGGGGCT GACTGCGGCTGCCCAAAAGAAGTTGTCGGCACACCACCTGCCCCCCCAAAAATGGATGATGGATTTGTTACGTTTGAATTGGAACCAGAGGCAGCATTCGCACCAAATATATCACTTGGCCTTAATGC ATTGGTCGCGGTATTAGTAATTCCGCCATTCAATCCGCTAAAATTAATATTAGGAACTGTTGATGGCGTGAATGAGCTGTTTGTATTGAAAGATGGGGTTTGCGATTGATGTGGTTGGTTATTAGAGCCG GCAAACACCGTATTAGCATTAGTGTTGCCGTTCATATTAAATACAGAGCCGCCACCAGGCGTTGAATTATTTCCCGTAAAATTAAAAGCAGAGGGAACATTGACATTTTGTGCATTCGTGGAAGGAGGTT TATTGAATAAACCAGCATTAGCATTAGTTGACGAAGTTGCTGATGTAAAAGGATTGAGACCCCCTGCACCATTGTTTCCAAAATTAAATGAAGATTGATTAGAAGCTGCACCAGTTGCTGCTGTTCCTGA GCTCGAAAAGCCAAATGCCGAGCCCGCTCCATTCGTATTGCCACTAGCGATACTTTGATCCGGTTTTCCTACGTTAAATGTACCCGCTATATTGGTTCCTGAGGTATTGGAAGTAGTAGTTGTGCCGTT ACCAGTAGCAGGGGCGTTAAACGAGAATGATGTGGAGTTTGCTGAGGCATTGGTACCATTGGTGTTAGCAGTACCGAATGAAAATGCAGATTTAGATGTTGTATTACCAGTAGCGTCTGTTGGCTTACC CAAGACAGGAATCGGCGTTGAGGAAGCAGAACCATCGAAGAAAGAAGTTGGAGAGTTTGACTTTTCTTTATTGTGATTGAACTTTGTAAAGGAAAAGCCATTTGATAGCTTCTCCGTATTTGCTGCCGC TGTACTTGCTGTCGACTTCATCGACTCGGGAGCCCCAAAACTAAAAGATGGTTTTGTGCTAGTGGTTGTTGTATTATTTGTTGTGGAACCGCCAAAGGTGAAAGATGGCGGTGTAGGTCTTTTATDéclin et contingence, bases de l'évolution CTGT CTCATTAGCAGGAGGTTTAGTGAAAGAAAATGAGGTGTTAGAGCCTGGTGGTTCTTTAGCTGCATCTGACTTACCAAATGAAAACAATGGCTTTGGTTGTGAGGTTTTTGAAGACGCAAACGTAAAGGA GGGCTTTTTAGGTTCCGAAACAACAGATGAATCTTTTTGAGCAGGTTCAGTAAAAGAAAAAGTTGGCTTGAGAGTCTTATCATCCGTCGGTGCTTGAACATCAACAGGCTTGCCCGGAAACGAAAACGA GGGTTTAGCTGCTTCGTTTGAAATTGGACTACTCTTACGTTCCTCCTCTGACTTAGAGAAAGAGAATGTAGGTTTCGCACTTCCCTCAGAGATCTTATTTTCACTTGTTGACTGCCCAAAAGTAAbiologique AAGTAG GCTTCTTGACTATTGTGGCAGGTGTCTCAGATGGTTTGGTGTGTGTTTCTTTCGCGGTGGCGGCTTTACCAAAGGTAAATTGTGCAGAGGAGTCAATATTGCTTGTTACATCAGCTTTTTTTCCGAATGT AAATAATGGTGTACCTTCAGCTTGCTTATCACTTGCACCAAAGACAAAGCTTGGTTTCCCTGATGCGTCCTTTTCTGACTCTCCCTTTTTGGTCTCCTTTTGATCACCGGTCTTGCCGAAATCGAATAAAG GCTTGGTGTTTGTATCCTCGCTAACAGGTAAACGCCTTTTTCTTTTGGGCTCATTTTCATCATCACCTTCATCACCATTCTCTTCTTGTTTACCAAAAGAAAATATTGGAGCAGTTGATTTTGGAGGCGCG TCTGATTCTGTATGATTTTCACTTTTTTCGGATGTCTTTCCAAATTTAAAAGGTTGACTGGCAGAAGTAACGGTATCTGATTTACCACCAAAATTGAATAAAGTTGTGGAAGGGACAGTATTGTC GACAGC CTTAGTTTTATTAGCCTTTTGGCTAAAATTGAATGATAAGGTAGGCGCCTCGGCAGTTTTCGTTGACTTATCGGTTTTTCCCATTTCTACACTCGATTTAAAGACTGCACCTGCAGAAGAAGTTGCCTTAG GAGAAGTTTTCTTAGATGGAGTCTCATTGTCCTTGATAAAGTCAAAACCTACGGTGGGCAAAACAATACTTTCTTTGTCCTTTTTGGGCTCAATATTTTTCTTTAACGTAGGCGTACCAGAGCGCTCTGAA TTGGGAACAAAGCTCTCCTGAATAGGGGCAGTTTTTGCAACTGTGGAAGCTGGTCCTTTTAAAAGTAGATTTTTTTGAGGATTCGATAACCTATTAGAGTTGATGTCTGCACGTAGGTCTTCAATDecline and contingency, bases of biological TTCGC TTGTCAGGTTAGGGCCTGTAGCCAGATTGCCATTTGAAATACTACTCTTAATATTATTTCTATTCTCGCTTGTCTTCTGATCACCGCCAGCGTTACCTTCCTTATCCTTGTTATCCTTTTTTTGTATAGCGT CATATTCTGACAAATCATATTCAAAATTTGCTGACCACACGGTCCCCTTTGACTGACTATGAAACCTTTTTCTATTGGATCTATTTTTCAATGATTTGAGAATGGGTAGTCCAACATTGGTGTCTTCACCGC TTTTTCCGGCCAACTGCCTAGTGCAAGAACCGTTTTTAATAGGGGAAGGAGTAGATGATGTGCATAGGTACGATCCTCCCTCATCGCTTTTACTTTGAGAGCCCAATATAACCGACGATGTAATAevolution GATG GAAATTCAGTTGATTGAATTAATCCAAGCTCACGCATATTTCTCACCCTCTGCTTCTCCCTTAATAACCTCAGTCTTTGAATGGGCAAAATTGGCAAAAGCGGCGGTCTCTCAGTGTTTTCGGTTCCATAT ATTATAATTGGCGCATTATTGTTGTTCTGAGTTAAGCTGTCGCTATGCTGTGATGTACCGGACACCCTCTTTCTCTTATTAACATGCAGTGTGTCTTCAACATCTGATTCCTCCAAATGATTCGCGTATGA GAGGTTTGAACTGAAAACTTTCTTGCTCGATGGCCGTTTTTTATTGGGGTTTGTGAAGAATGATTTTAAAGTGGAAGAAAACGATCTCTTTTCGACACGTGGAGAAGACATCACAGAAGAAGTGTTTGAA GACATGAATGACTAAAAATTGTCGCTCACTCTCTGTCCCTATAACCCTTTCGAGGCTAATATCCTATCGTATTTGCACCGCTACGTAGTGTCCTTATTGAGTTCCTCATCACTTATTTTCTTTAABernard Dujon GTGTTTC TTGACATTACGAAATTTCGTCAAAGAAAAAAATTAAAATGAAAAAGCATTTCAATGTCACATAATACGAACCATTGATCACGTGCAACGACAAACCCTAAATATAAAAACTAGGGCGTAAAAACCGGGGC TTGAAAATTAGGGCATAAAATAGGCTTTGCATACACGTGACTTATATTTGGTGTCGGCGTTTTCTTTACGCGGTGTAGTGTAAATCTCTTGTCGTACAAGTGGATATACGCACTGTATACCTCCAATGGCTTTGG GTAACA CCAAAAAAAAAACCGTGGTTGTCCCATGTAAACGAGTACCGCACACGTAGGCCAAAGCACTCCAGAGAGACTTCGTGTCAAAGGTCTATAATAGGTGGTGCCTTCTTGCTTCTTTTTTGCAGATTGGTTTTTGAAGAC CTTA GTATAATACGCTAGACTATTGTACTTTCTAATTTTAAGAGATATCTTTTTCCTCACAAAGATTTCGTTAAGCAATCGAAGTAAAGTACTCCATCAGAAGAGTTTTTAAAATTTTCGTATCTGTTGTGGTCTCCTTTTGACGTAAAGGAGGTTT GAGTTAGA TAAGCCTACGCTTGATGGACCGTTGGGTGGCTTTCTAAGTGAGCTCGTGCCATCACAATTAATATAAGGAATTGTAGATGTTTCTTTCGTTATAGGTATTTCAAAATAATTATAAGAACCTACGCCTTGCCGAAATCGAATAAAGAGGTTCCGAAACAA CCTCGT GTGTTTGTATCCTCGCTAACAGGTAAGAGCAGGTTCAG CTTTCTCCATTGGAACAGTTGCCGTTTTCGCAGTTCTTTTTGGTTCAGTCCTCATATCATGTGATTCCCCTGGCTCTCCTGATCTTTTTATACTTACTTTGAAATCGTCATATGTGTATTTCTTTCGCCTTTTTCTTTTGGGCTCATTTTCATCAAAGTTGGCTG GATGCAAC TCCGATAACGAAGACAATGCTTCCAATAATAACTAAGAATTTGCATACCGTTATTAAACCTACCAAAAGTTTACCTATAAGCTTCTGTAATATTGGCCCCATCATTGTTGTGAATACGCACCCTA CACCTTCATCACCATTCTCTTCTTGTTTAGGC CCAAAA ATGATGGGAAATCCAGCACAATACTGCCAGGCCCACTACCTATTGTAATTTTCCATCGTAACCAATCCCTTTTCAAATCCATCCGTGACTTCTATGTCTCGTTACTTTCACAGCGTGTGGAGCTAAAAAGAAAATATTGGAGCAGTTGATTTTGGA CTAGA AAAGTGGCAAAGCTAAACAGCTGATCGAAGTAAACAGAAAAGAACACTAATTGTAGATCAGGCTGTGTACTAGACCTTATTTTACTGTATTTTTTCGGAAAGAAAAAAGGAGCGCTTTGCAGATC AGGGCGCGTCTGATTCTGTATGATTTTCACG GAAAG TTTCGCTCGTAAATTATTTGTAAGATGCTATTCATAATATGTTAACTGAGAGAAACCAGGTCAAAACAAAACAATTTTGGGCTCTTGCCTCCAAATTTGCCTACCCTAGAACAGGTATCCATTAT GTTTTTTCGGATGCTCTTTCCAAATTTAAA CTCGCC GGTTGACTGGCAAGAAGTAACGGTATC TGTACCCGATTAAAAAAAAGACCAATTATTTAAAACTTCTCAAGAAGTTTCATATGCAGTGTATAAGTTGAAGGAATATAGGAATATATATCCTTCAGAAAAGCAACACAATACCTAATTACATATACCACCTTAAAAATTGAATAAAGT ACCGATA TTTACCTTTTAGAGTGCCTCATTCTTGCAATCTTTCTGTTCGCCATAACACCACCGCCCATGCTCATGCCATTATTTGTTCCCATCCCCATCTGATTAGGGGCTGACTGCGGCTGCCCAAAAGAAGGGACAGAATTGTCG GTTGT CGGCACACCACCTGCCCCCCCAAAAATGGATGATGGATTTGTTACGTTTGAATTGGAACCAGAGGCAGCATTCGCACCAAATATATCACTTGGCCTTAATGCATTGGTCGCGGTATTAGTAATTCCGCC ATTCAATCCGCTAAAATTAATATTAGGAACTGTTGATGGCGTGAATGAGCTGTTTGTATTGAAAGATGGGGTTTGCGATTGATGTGGTTGGTTATTAGAGCCGGCAAACACCGTATTAGCATTAGTGTTG CCGTTCATATTAAATACAGAGCCGCCACCAGGCGTTGAATTATTTCCCGTAAAATTAAAAGCAGAGGGAACATTGACATTTTGTGCATTCGTGGAAGGAGGTTTATTGAATAAACCAGCATTAGCATTAG TTGACGAAGTTGCTGATGTAAAAGGATTGAGACCCCCTGCACCATTGTTTCCAAAATTAAATGAAGATTGATTAGAAGCTGCACCAGTTGCTGCTGTTCCTGAGCTCGAAAAGCCAAATGCCGAGCCCG CTCCATTCGTATTGCCACTAGCGATACTTTGATCCGGTTTTCCTACGTTAAATGTACCCGCTATATTGGTTCCTGAGGTATTGGAAGTAGTAGTTGTGCCGTTACCAGTAGCAGGGGCGTTAAACGAGAA TGATGTGGAGTTTGCTGAGGCATTGGTACCATTGGTGTTAGCAGTACCGAATGAAAATGCAGATTTAGATGTTGTATTACCAGTAGCGTCTGTTGGCTTACCCAAGACAGGAATCGGCGTTGAGGAAG CAGAACCATCGAAGAAAGAAGTTGGAGAGTTTGACTTTTCTTTATTGTGATTGAACTTTGTAAAGGAAAAGCCATTTGATAGCTTCTCCGTATTTGCTGCCGCTGTACTTGCTGTCGACTTCATCGACTC GGGAGCCCCAAAACTAAAAGATGGTTTTGTGCTAGTGGTTGTTGTATTATTTGTTGTGGAACCGCCAAAGGTGAAAGATGGCGGTGTAGGTCTTTTATCTGTCTCATTAGCAGGAGGTTTAGTGAColloque Sciences de la vie, sciences de l'information AAGA AAATGAGGTGTTAGAGCCTGGTGGTTCTTTAGCTGCATCTGACTTACCAAATGAAAACAATGGCTTTGGTTGTGAGGTTTTTGAAGACGCAAACGTAAAGGAGGGCTTTTTAGGTTCCGAAACAACAGA TGAATCTTTTTGAGCAGGTTCAGTAAAAGAAAAAGTTGGCTTGAGAGTCTTATCATCCGTCGGTGCTTGAACATCAACAGGCTTGCCCGGAAACGAAAACGAGGGTTTAGCTGCTTCGTTTGAAACentre culturel international de Cerisy-la-Salle, 17-24 Septembre 2016 TTGG ACTACTCTTACGTTCCTCCTCTGACTTAGAGAAAGAGAATGTAGGTTTCGCACTTCCCTCAGAGATCTTATTTTCACTTGTTGACTGCCCAAAAGTAAAAGTAGGCTTCTTGACTATTGTGGCAGGTGTCT CAGATGGTTTGGTGTGTGTTTCTTTCGCGGTGGCGGCTTTACCAAAGGTAAATTGTGCAGAGGAGTCAATATTGCTTGTTACATCAGCTTTTTTTCCGAATGTAAATAATGGTGTACCTTCAGCTTGCTTA Ernst Haeckel, 1834 -1919 1866 Unicellular Unicellular Pluricellular (without nuclei) (with nuclei) 2016 Symbioses Multiple Reversible Gregor Johann Mendel, 1822 - 1884 1866 Genotype Phenotype 1953 DNA RNA Proteins RNA RNA Gene and allele Complex RNA Intrinsic 2016 interactions interactions variance (splicing, editing, processing, RNAi, trans-generational …) Regular selection acting on limited variations Charles Robert Darwin (1809 -1882) Abrupt genetic changes ? Hugo Marie de Vries (1848 -1935) Species or Species or individual n° 1 individual n° 2 Common core of genes Restricted set of genes (ancestral origin) (origin ?) Species or individual n° 3 ca. 100 genes mutated and a few genes missing CNV in the human genome Yoon et al., (2009) Genome Res. 19: 1586-1592 Segmental deletions Segmental duplications Gene gains Gene losses Duplications Fission / fusion Pseudogenes De novo formation Deletions Horizontal acquisitions Each genome is only a snapshot in time within continual changes, not an optimized structure Major lessons from genomics 1: Genomes are (much) too big The C-value paradox (Swift, 1950) 2: There are too many genes in genomes Genomes are too big Fritillaria assyriaca 100 000 Mb Zea mais 55 000 X 3 000 Mb 1000 X Vitis vinifera 487 Mb Saccharomyces cerevisiae 12 Mb Necturus lewisi Gonyaulax 100 000 Mb grindleyi 98 000 Mb 1000 X Homo sapiens 2 900 Mb Paramecium tetraurelia 100 Mb Amoeba dubia 670 000 Mb Genome sizes and content Coding exons (exome) Genes are complex