Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: A Physics and Space Science Volume 14 Issue 3 Version 1.0 Year 2014 Type : Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-4626 & Print ISSN: 0975-5896 The Digital Space Structure, Superconductor, and Superstar By Ding-Yu Chung Abstract- In the digital space structure, space is digitalized by 1 and 0 for attachment space and detachment space, respectively. A special force field (the short-range extreme force field) can be derived from the digital space structure to generate superconductor at extremely low temperature and superstar at extremely high density. Singularity-free superstar is a model for the collapse of large stars and for GRBs, and as an alternative to black hole. Attachment space allows object to attach to account for rest mass and reversible movement, while detachment space allows no object to attach to account for irreversible kinetic energy. The combination of attachment space and detachment space brings about the three structures: binary partition space, miscible space, orbinary lattice space. Binary partition space (1)n(0)n consists of separated continuous phases of attachment space and detachment space to account for quantum mechanics and extreme force field. In miscible space (1+0)n, attachment space is miscible to detachment space without separation to account for special relativity. Keywords: space structure, quantum mechanics, force fields, superconductor, superstar, black hole, gravastar, GRB, collapsar, singularity. GJSFR-A Classification : FOR Code: 240203p TheDigitalSpaceStructureSuperconductorandSuperstar Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of : © 2014. Ding-Yu Chung. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Digital Space Structure, Superconductor, and Superstar Ding-Yu Chung Abstract- In the digital space structure, space is digitalized denoted as 1 allows object to attach to account for rest by 1 and 0 for attachment space and detachment space, mass and reversible movement, while detachment respectively. A special force field (the short-range extreme space denoted as 0 allows no object to attach to force field) can be derived from the digital space structure to account for irreversible kinetic energy. Different 2014 generate superconductor at extremely low temperature and combinations of attachment space (as 1) and r superstar at extremely high density. Singularity-free superstar is a model for the collapse of large stars and for GRBs, and as detachment space (as 0) result in different physical Yea an alternative to black hole. Attachment space allows object to phenomena. The conventional space structure cannot 1 attach to account for rest mass and reversible movement, explain clearly the important phenomena, such as the while detachment space allows no object to attach to account differences in measurement between quantum for irreversible kinetic energy. The combination of attachment mechanics and special relativity, the origin of space and detachment space brings about the three superconductivity, and singularity in black hole. These structures: binary partition space, miscible space, orbinary phenomena can be derived directly by the different V lattice space. Binary partition space (1)n(0)n consists of combinations of 1 and 0 in the digital space structure. A separated continuous phases of attachment space and special force field (the short-range extreme force field) III detachment space to account for quantum mechanics and can be derived from the digital space structure to ue ersion I extreme force field. In miscible space (1+0) , attachment s n generate superconductor at extremely low temperature space is miscible to detachment space without separation to and superstar at extremely high density. The extreme account for special relativity. Binary lattice space (1 0)n XIV Is consists of repetitive units of alternative attachment space and force fields are manifested as the bonds among detachment space to account for the ordinary force electrons in superconductor, as the bonds among fields(gravitational, weak, electromagnetic, and strong). At atoms in superfluid, and as the bonds among all extreme conditions, the ordinary force fields in binary lattice materials in superstar. Singularity-free superstar is a space are transformed into the short-range extreme force model for the collapse of large stars and for GRBs ) A fields in binary partition space to avoid inactivation and (gamma-ray bursts), and as an alternative to black hole. ) singularity. The extreme force fields are manifested as the In Section II, the digital space structure and bonds among electrons in superconductor, as the bonds superconductor are described. In Section III, various among atoms in superfluid, and as the bonds among all astronomical phenomena, such as neutron star, materials in superstar. When the stellar core of a large star Research Volume reaches the critical extreme density during the stellar collapse, supernova, collapsar, GRB, and pair instability the star is transformed into a pre-superstar containing the supernovae are described. In Section IV, superstar as a super matter core with extreme force fields, the ordinary matter alternative to black hole is explained. region with ordinary force fields, and the thin phase boundary Frontier between the super matter core and the ordinary matter region. II. The Digital Space Structure and Eventually, the stellar breakup occurs to detach the ordinary Superconductor matter region and the phase boundary from the super matter Science core, resulting in GRB and the formation of superstar. Unlike The digital space structure [1][2][3] consists of black holes and gravastars that lose information, singularity- attachment space (denoted as 1) and detachment of free superstars that keep all information exist. space (denoted as 0). Attachment allows object to Keywords: space structure, quantum mechanics, force attach, while detachment space allows no object to fields, superconductor, superstar, black hole, gravastar, attach. Attachment space attaches to object Journal GRB, collapsar, singularity. permanently or reversibly. Detachment space detaches from the object at the speed of light. Attachment space Global I. Introduction relates to rest mass and reversible movement, while n the conventional space structure, space is detachment space relates to irreversible kinetic energy. homogeneous. In the digital space structure, space Different stages of our universe have different space I can be homogeneous or heterogeneous, and is structures[4]. digitalized by 1 and 0 for attachment space and The transformation between mass (massive detachment space, respectively. Attachment space particle) in attachment space and kinetic energy (massless particle) in detachment space is through the Author: e-mail: [email protected] scalar Goldstone boson. For example, massive ©2014 Global Journals Inc. (US) The Digital Space Structure, Superconductor, and Superstar particles with n units of attachment space, denoted as results in massive particles in attachment space, while (1)n, are converted into massless particles with n units of the removal of removal of the Goldstone bosons in attachment space leads to massless particles in detachment space, denoted as (0)n through the Goldstone bosons. The addition of the Goldstone detachment space. bosons to massless particles in detachment space + Goldstone boson massive inparticles )1( n← massless inparticles )0( n − Goldstone boson massive inparticles )1( n → massless particles in )0( n 2014 The Goldstone boson provides the longitudinal The combination of attachment space (as 1) r degree of freedom for massive particle in attachment and detachment space (as 0) brings about three ea Y space. The Goldstone boson itself is a zero-energy different space structures: binary partition space, virtual particle by taking energy from and returning miscible space, or binary lattice space as below. 2 energy to the object transformed by the Goldstone boson. The Goldstone boson in the Standard Model for electroweak interaction is the Higgs boson[5]. combination V )1( + )0( → ,)0()1( + or )01(,)01( n n nn n n III attachment space det achment space binary partition space , miscible space binary lattice space ue ersion I s s Binary partition space, (1)n(0)n, consists of two detachment space, resulting in non-localizable and non- I separated continuous phases of multiple quantized countable space-time. The requirement for the system X XIV units of attachment space and detachment space. In (binary lattice space) containing non-localizable and miscible space, attachment space is miscible to non-countable detachment space is the absence of net detachment space, and there is no separation of information by any change in the space-time of attachment space and detachment space. Binary lattice detachment space. All changes have to be coordinated ) space, (1 0)n , consists of repetitive units of alternative to result in zero net information. This coordinated non- A attachment space and detachment space. localized binary partition space corresponds to nilpotent ( Binary partition space is the space for space. All changes in energy, momentum, mass, time, wavefunction in quantum mechanics.