Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies Keijiro Otsuka Kaoru Sugihara Editors Paths to the Emerging State in Asia and Africa Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies Series editors Tetsushi Sonobe, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan Takashi Shiraishi, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan Akihiko Tanaka, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan Keiichi Tsunekawa, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies, Tokyo, Japan Akio Takahara, Graduate School of Public Policy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan This is the first series to highlight research into the processes and impacts of the state building and economic development of developing countries in the non-Western World that have recently come to influence global economy and governance. It offers a broad and interactive forum for discussions about the challenges of these countries and the responses of other countries to their rise. The term ‘emerging-economy state,’ a part of the series title, or its shorthand ‘emerging states,’ is intended to promote dialogues between economists who have discussed policy problems faced by ‘emerging-market economies’ and scholars in political science and international relations who have discussed ‘modern state formation.’ Many emerging states are still in the middle-income status and not immune from the risk of falling into the middle-income trap. The manner of their external engagement is different from that of the high-income countries. Their rise has increased the uncertainty surrounding the world. To reduce the uncertainty, good understanding of their purpose of politics and state capacity as well as their economies and societies would be required. Although the emerging states are far from homogenous, viewing them as a type of countries would force us into understand better the similarity and differences among the emerging states and those between them and the high-income countries, which would in turn to help countries to ensure peace and prosperity. The series welcomes policy studies of empirical, historical, or theoretical nature from a micro, macro, or global point of view. It accepts, but does not call for, interdisciplinary studies. Instead, it aims to promote transdisciplinary dialogues among a variety of disciplines, including but not limited to area studies, economics, history, international relations, and political science. Relevant topics include emerging states’ economic policies, social policies, and politics, their external engagement, ensuing policy reactions of other countries, ensuing social changes in different parts of the world, and cooperation between the emerging states and other countries to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The series welcomes both monographs and edited volumes that are accessible to academics and interested general readers. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/16114 Keijiro Otsuka • Kaoru Sugihara Editors Paths to the Emerging State in Asia and Africa Editors Keijiro Otsuka Kaoru Sugihara Graduate School of Economics Research Institute for Humanity and Nature Kobe University Kyoto, Japan Kobe, Hyogo, Japan ISSN 2524-5015 ISSN 2524-5031 (electronic) Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies ISBN 978-981-13-3130-5 ISBN 978-981-13-3131-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3131-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018961696 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019. This book is an open access publication. 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This work is subject to copyright. All commercial rights are reserved by the author(s), whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Regarding these commercial rights a non-exclusive license has been granted to the publisher. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publi- cation does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Economic history and development economics are both interested in the develop- ment of economy from poor agrarian society to emerging state through agricultural development and industrialization. While historical studies are concerned with the long-term development of specific countries, regions, and the world, development studies are mainly interested in the short-term development of low-income and middle-income economies across the world. The former generally adopt descriptive and interpretative approach because detailed statistical data suitable for econometric analyses are usually unavailable, whereas the latter often use econometric tech- niques based on survey data which are available only for a short period of time in certain locations. Yet, it is clear that the issues addressed by these two strands of economics discipline are no different and that the two types of analyses are highly complementary. Nonetheless, economic historians and development economists have seldom collaborated in the past. This study is a unique attempt to synthesize studies of economic histories and development economics. Authors of this volume strongly believe that in order to grasp the evolutionary process of economic development towards the emerging state, which is the main theme of the entire project leading to four volumes including this one, a synthesis of historical and development studies is indispensable. Why did Meiji Japan succeed in economic development through fairly rapid industrialization to become an emerging state, while India and China followed different paths of economic development and took longer to emerge as powerful emerging states? What was the role of agriculture in the development of prewar Japanese economy as well as high-performing Asian countries in the postwar period? Why has sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) largely failed in both agricultural development and industrialization so far? What are the lessons to be learned from the Asian experiences for the future development path of SSA towards the emerging state? Considering that interna- tional trade was surprisingly active in the economic history of East, Southeast, and South Asia, it is highly relevant for this volume to inquire exactly how and why local, regional, and long-distance trade played such crucial roles in the historical development of Asian economies, while it did much less in the recent development of the economies of SSA. These are the questions that authors of this book v vi Preface collectively address. Some chapters were written by economic historians while others by development economists. All of them collaborated through repeated workshops in the course of preparing this volume for the last 5 years. We believe that the questions raised above are pertinent for proper understanding of the issue of emerging economy and state. A large number of people have contributed to the preparation of this book. In particular, we would like to thank Gareth Austin, Chris Baker, Linda Grove, Tetsuji Okazaki, Tirthankar Roy, Osamu Saito, Takashi Shiraishi, Tetsushi Sonobe, Keiichi Tsunekawa, and Bin Wong for useful comments during the workshops and on the earlier versions of various chapters. We are also grateful to GRIPS staff, Yu Ito, Eriko Kimura, and Yasuko Takano for their dedicated assistance for organizing the seminars and workshops, and to Fumiyo Aburatani, Yumiko Iwasaki, and Aya Yamamoto for editorial assistance. Funding for our project leading to this book publication was provided