Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2008 Exploring Instrumental and Expressive Dimensions: Adapted Origin of Nonprofit and Voluntary Organizations Wenjue Lu Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES EXPLORING INSTRUMENTAL AND EXPRESSIVE DIMENSIONS: ADAPTED ORIGIN OF NONPROFIT AND VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS BY WENJUE LU A Dissertation submitted to the Reubin O’D Askew School of Public Administration and Policy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2008 Copyright © 2008 Wenjue Lu All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the dissertation of Wenjue Lu defended on May 5, 2008. ________________________________ Ralph S. Brower Professor Directing Dissertation ________________________________ Professor Petra Doan Outside Committee Member ________________________________ Lance deHaven-Smith Committee Member ________________________________ Mary E. Guy Committee Member Approved: ____________________________________________________ Frances Stokes Berry, Chair, Reubin O’D. Askew School of Public Administration and Policy The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii To my parents: Lu Guilin (陆桂林) and Chen Chongqi (陈重琦) iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My first sincere appreciation goes to my anonymous interviewees, who spared time from their busy work and shared their precious experiences with me. I not only thank them for their significant contribution to the study, but also thank them for their trust, genuineness, and professionalism. I have encountered great difficulties in accessing organizations in the beginning of my data collection. Without the support and trust from my participants, the study would not be possible. I reserve special thanks to Ms. Ratna Omidvar and her assistant, Ms. Violeta Li, from the Maytree Foundation in Toronto, for helping me connect with organizations. The entire project actually started from their emails and was carried along from there. I was very fortunate to have the financial support provided by the Florida Public Affairs Centre through the Ruth “Sweetie” Cox Dissertation Award. Their generous support helped me set up the research, from purchasing necessary equipment to books to financing trips for field observations. Of course, the Askew School of Public Administration and Policy extended tremendous support to me. Their excellent program and a group of hard-working faculty provided me all I needed during the entire length of study. Particularly during my dissertation study, even when I was away from campus in Canada, the Askew School’s support is warm and consistent. Financially, the Askew School managed to support my study until the end, even under the tremendous financial stress due to the Florida financial crisis. I am very grateful to our Director of the Askew School, Dr. Frances Stokes Berry, and our Ph.D. Director, Dr. Mary Ellen Guy. Both Drs. Guy and Berry have been extremely supportive to me throughout my study, particularly in helping me to develop my own research interests and giving me valuable research assistantship opportunities. They have been very open-minded and encouraging. Without them advocating for me, and without the funding for which they fought, I could never have completed this endeavor. I am indebted to you both. Administratively, our excellent staff – Velda William, Kathleen Woods, and Alegra Harrell – helped me in dealing with many issues and difficulties during my study in Canada. Dr. Ralph Brower is not only my mentor but also my life coach. I learned from him not only his thinking, but also how to think. His teaching is inspiring, witty, probing, and vivid. He transformed me from a doctoral student to a junior researcher and a future educator. He spent countless hours in supervising and commenting upon my dissertation. I should especially mention his persistent support and mentoring to me even during his sabbatical year. During my iv one and a half years staying in Canada and studying for this dissertation relatively independently, even at a great distance, his trust, encouragement, patience, and mentoring were my sources of persistence, confidence, and courage. His comments and feedback often sparked my thinking and ideas, and re-energized me to keep on going. His mentoring is well beyond this dissertation, and also includes various career advice. As a young, single woman who pursued the highest degree in a foreign country, I have encountered many challenges without being with my family. Dr. Brower often makes me feel that he is not only my academic mentor, but also like a family member who I know I can rely on, who will look after me when I need it. I became the luckiest woman the first day I met my dearest husband Erik in Tallahassee, Florida. His love accompanied me every day during this stressful, sometimes frustrating, and all in all lengthy but exciting dissertation journey. He cheers with me when new findings are revealed. He encourages me when I am low. Although he is very busy himself, he took stress away from me as much as he could, so I can concentrate. The understanding and support I received from him would envy all wives. I would also like to thank my mother-in-law, Sharon. Her support and love also accompanied me throughout my dissertation study and it continues. She made me feel I am so loved and so cared for. She worries when I am working too hard. She is thrilled when my study has made progress. She often gives me gentle advice on both life and career, all of which I cherish. Also thanks to my father-in-law, Kris, the “Monkey King,” who always encouraged me to trade on my Chinese background. His hard work, persistence, and high professional ethics are always my example. Thanks also to my sister, Beijue (蓓珏), and her husband, Liqiang (立强), and my niece, Yunyun (沄沄), for looking after my parents so well while I am away. My strongest believers and the most loyal supporters are, of course, my beloved parents, Guilin (桂林) and Chongqi (重琦). Having never been a parent yet, I perhaps still cannot fully understand their feelings when they sent their ambitious daughter overseas all by herself to pursue a degree that the entire family has never even dreamed of. During my dissertation study, they have experienced much worry and anxieties with me together. When I got rejections when attempting to access organizations, I could feel that my father would do the interviews for me if he were in Canada. I always hoped, as a child, that one day my parents will be proud of me. Now I dedicate this dissertation to them. It will take more than a lifetime for me to appreciate their love, their gifts, their discipline, and the years of nurturing. v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. ix List of Figures................................................................................................................................. x Abstract.......................................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER ONE PROBLEM STATEMENT ............................................................................... 1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1 Research Questions.............................................................................................................3 The Name: Nonprofit and Voluntary Organizations .......................................................... 6 Organization of the Dissertation ......................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................... 14 Introduction and Overview ............................................................................................... 14 The Instrumental-Expressive Perspective......................................................................... 15 The Instrumental-Expressive Perspective: Early Observation in Urbanization Literature......................................................... 17 G-B Instrumental-Expressive Typology, the Application, and the Long Silence ............ 22 Rejuvenation of the Instrumental-Expressive Perspective: Confusion and Calls for Research........................................................................... 27 Other Related Literature: Instrumental and Expressive Dimension at the Individual Level ............................................................................................ 30 Sociological Institutionalism ............................................................................................ 31 CHAPTER THREE CONTEXTS AND HISTORY: CHINESE CANADIAN NONPROFIT AND VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS........................................................... 36 Introduction and Overview ............................................................................................... 36 The Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector in Canada ............................................................... 36 Chinese Canadian Immigrants, Their Voluntary Organizations, and the Competition among Them...........................................................................