“Prejudice is a burden that confuses the past, threatens the future, and renders the present inaccessible.” – Maya Angelou “As long as there is racial privilege, racism will never end.” – Wayne Gerard Trotman “Not everything that is faced can be changed, but nothing can be changed until it is faced.” James Baldwin “Ours is not the struggle of one day, one week, or one year. Ours is not the struggle of one judicial appointment or presidential term. Ours is the struggle of a lifetime, or maybe even many lifetimes, and each one of us in every generation must do our part.” – John Lewis COLUMBIA versus COLUMBUS • 90% of the 14,000 workers on the Central Pacific were Chinese • By 1880 over 100,000 Chinese residents in the US YELLOW PERIL https://iexaminer.org/yellow-peril-documents-historical-manifestations-of-oriental-phobia/ https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/14/us/california-today-chinese-railroad-workers.html BACKGROUND FOR USA IMMIGRATION POLICIES • 1790 – Nationality and Citizenship • 1803 – No Immigration of any FREE “Negro, mulatto, or other persons of color” • 1848 – If we annex your territory and you remain living on it, you are a citizen • 1849 – Legislate and enforce immigration is a FEDERAL Power, not State or Local • 1854 – Negroes, Native Americans, and now Chinese may not testify against whites GERMAN IMMIGRATION https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/FT_15.09.28_ImmigationMapsGIF.gif?w=640 TO LINCOLN’S CREDIT CIVIL WAR IMMIGRATION POLICIES • 1862 – CIVIL WAR LEGISLATION ABOUT IMMIGRATION • Message to Congress December 8, 1863 • 1864 – INDENTURED SERVITUDE REPUBLICAN PARTY PLATFORM 1864 “That foreign immigration, which in the past has added so much to the wealth, development of resources, and increase of nations, should be fostered and encouraged by a liberal and just policy.” https://www.lincolncottage.org/lincolns-forgotten-act-to-encourage-immigration/ NEW WAVES OF IMMIGRATION and IMMIGRATION POLICY • During the 1870’s every Midwest state had an Immigration Board • The South welcomed immigrants who were “pure of white, Protestant society.” • 1866 is the founding of the KKK IMMIGRATION POLICIES DURING THE BUILDING OF THE TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD • 1868 Burlingame Treaty • 1870 The Naturalization Act How soon we forget… ANTI-CHINESE SENTIMENTS GROW IN AMERICA • 1875 PAGE LAW • 1875 CHY LUNG VS FREEMAN • 1880 ANGELL TREATY “The Chinese are inferior to any race God ever made. …These people have got the perfection of crimes of 4,000 years. ...I believe the Chinese have no souls to save, and if they have, they are not worth saving. Denis Kearney Molly Maguires meeting to discuss strikes in the coal mines from Harper's Weekly, 1874 Pinkerton Detective Agencydetective James McParland (in the 1880s) In less than three months, the Chinese men in Sampson's factory were producing more and better shoes than the workers they had replaced. “ 75 Steady, Active, Intelligent Chinamen for 3 years.” • Year 1 - $40,000 savings • 1871 – Hired Additional 50 Chinese men • 1868 - Workers paid $33/year • Today’s equivalent = $1852/year Calvin Sampson Chinese Labor not just a problem in California • In Massachusetts and Pennsylvania Chinese workers were imported to break strikes June 13, 1870 GEARY ACT OF 1892 14th Amendment – 1868 •Citizenship to ALL PERSONS born or naturalized in the USA •All PERSONS granted equal protection under the law •“engaged in insurrection” against the United States could not hold civil, military or elected office (without the approval of two-thirds of the House and Senate). https://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=WASP:_Racism_and_Satire_in_the_19th_Century ASIAN RACISM CONTINUES https://www.cnn.com/videos/us/202 1/03/12/george-takei-anti-asian- american-violence-racism-full- episode-acfc- vpx.cnn/video/playlists/acfc-full- episodes/ https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/dr-seuss-got-away-anti-asian-racism-long- rcna381 ITALIAN WAVE OF IMMIGRATION ITALIAN WAVE OF IMMIGRATION SLURS, DEROGATORY NAMES, ISOLATED SECTIONS OF THE SAME CITY OR APARTMENT COMPLEX KEPT EACH GROUP SEPARATE AND SUSPICIOUS OF EACH OTHER AND UNWILLING TO WORK TOGETHER FOR COMMON GOOD. Coolie – means Laborer in reference to Chinese manual workers in the 19th and early 20th century. Chink – racial slur referring to a person of Chinese ethnicity, but could be directed towards anyone of East Asian descent in general Kike or kyke Dago, Ginzo, Goombah, Greaseball, Guido, Guinea, Terrone, Wop – all Italian derogatory slurs Mick, Paddy, Prog, Snout, Bog-trotter – Irish slurs Huns – German slur Limey, Whitey – British slur Chocko – Mediterranean or Middle Eastern slur Spic ,Wetback, Beaner, Greaser – Mexican slur THE SLAVS • 2ND LARGEST GROUP AFTER THE ITALIANS WERE SLAVIC PEOPLE OF EASTERN EUROPE • COUNTRIES ARE BLURRED BY CHANGING BOUNDRIES AND US IMMIGRATION IDENTIFIED THEM BY DIFFERENT NAMES AT DIFFERENT TIMES • COUNTRIES INCLUDED AUSTRIA, HUNGARY, POLAND, PARTS OF ROMANIA, AND THE NATIONS LATER CALLED CZECHOSLOVAKIA AND YUGOSLAVIA • 20 DISTINCT ETHNIC GROUPS AND IN 42 YEARS OF BEING THE HAPSBURG EMPIRE, IT NEVER KNEW POLITICAL UNITY OR ECONOMIC STABILITY THE RUSSIANS • 1880 – 1918 RUSSIANS INCLUDED UKRAINIANS, POLES, LITUANIANS, LATVIANS, ESTONIANS, FINNS, AND JEWS • THESE GROUPS CAME INTO THE USA FROM BOTH COASTS • 1887 31,000 CAME TO THE USA • 1892 81,500 CAME TO THE USA Bohemian family Hard labour: In a picture taken in 1890 of four roll cigars at home in their tenement. Working from six in the morning till nine at night, they earn $3.75 for a thousand cigars, and between them could turn out three thousand cigars a week Jacob W. Davis (born Jacob Youphes) (1831–1908) was a Latvian-born AMERICAN LEVI’s 501 tailor who is credited with Jeans began in inventing denim and 1890. partnering with Levi Strauss to mass produce them Great Railroad Strike of 1877 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zuGp -0G1p4M https://users.wfu.edu/zulick/341/Debs1918.html https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/fiery-socialist-challenged-nations-role-wwi-180969386/ July 1 – November 20, 1892 Homestead STRIKE SAMUEL GOMPERS "Some Reasons for Chinese Exclusion. Meat vs. Rice. American Manhood Against Asiatic Coolieism. Which Shall Survive?" https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/chinese-exclusion-act/#part01 • 1882 CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT • 1882 IMMIGRATION ACT ANCESTRY.COM 23 AND ME CLASS # 3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AeWE_FaIP6k https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DwIZ74AgyU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mk-lRsrj9Eg&list=RDCMUC5zrlRzhT_cFI9zT6uQSijg&index=2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNHom3SJl3w&list=RDCMUC5zrlRzhT_cFI9zT6uQSijg&index=4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OuukM9OY-is&list=RDCMUC5zrlRzhT_cFI9zT6uQSijg&index=8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rFEGUzl3j-4&list=RDCMUC5zrlRzhT_cFI9zT6uQSijg&index=11 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ir5CgK3LhM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-ItsPBTFO0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVQomlXMeek https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_gOtZ--4WE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWQfDbbQv9E.