Dynastic Rule of China 7th Chapter 7 Sui Dynasty (589-618) How did this kingdom rise to power? In 589, Yang Jian conquered Chen Kingdom and unified China for first time in 400 years. Chien founded Sui Dynasty at Changan and became emperor; was later called Wen Di. How did this dynasty govern China? Emperors Wen Di and Yang Di are remembered for harsh rule. Forced many peasants to fight in army to work on public works projects. What belief systems did this dynasty encourage? Discourage? Wen Di, though himself a Buddhist, encouraged practice of Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism. How did this dynasty affect daily life in China? Grand canal promoted domestic trade by connecting Yellow and Yangzi rivers. Rebuilding the Great Wall provided security from northern raiders. List two ways this dynasty helped unite China? Undertook extensive public works projects. Extended military control over large stretches of China. Tang Dynasty (A.D. 618-907) How did this dynasty rise to power? In 618, Li Shi Min captured Changan and Luoyang. Li Shi Min made himself Emperor Dai Zong in 626. How did this dynasty govern China? Under Wu Zhao, China’s only empress, the Tang ruled one of the most geographical extensive empires in Chinese history. Government composed of departments, each with its own area. Bureaucrats upheld Confucian ideals by acting as artists and politians. What belief systems did this dynasty encourage? Discourage? Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism flourished, though Buddhism repressed during the reign of Emperor Wu Zong. How did this dynasty affect daily life? Equal-field system limited power or rural aristocracy. Scholar class became new ruling elite. Land reform gave some peasants a chance to gain wealth. List two ways this dynasty help unite China? Emperors directly controlled the army. Equal-field system to benefit both government and commoners. Song Dynasty (A.D. 960-1279) How did this dynasty rise to power? • Tai Zu emerged after 50 years of civil war to found Song dynasty at Kaifeng. How did this dynasty govern China? • Mongolians and Manchurians harassed China’s northern borders for 200 years. • Song royal family forced by Jurchen to establish a new capital at Hangzhou. • Government officials came from southern China because the north was under foreign rule. • Bureaucrats selected according to scores they obtained on civil-service exams. What belief systems did this dynasty encourage? Discourage? • Chan (Zen) Buddhism became popular in China and East Asia. How did this dynasty affect daily? • Power of merchant class rose as large- scale trade thrived. • Cambodian strain of rice allowed Chinese farmers to double output. • Technological advances produced new products. List two ways this dynasty helped unite China? • Moved center of Chinese culture south to Kaifeng. • Used meritocracy to make government efficient and reliable. Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1260-1368) How did this dynasty rise to power? • Dynasty founded by Kublai Khan, grandson of powerful Mongol leader Genghis Khan. • Kublai Khan fought Song for 40 years before founding China’s only foreign- ruled dynasty. How did this dynasty govern China? • Civil-service system maintained by staffed Turks and Persians. • Strict hierarchy of social service classes developed: • 1st – Tax-free Mongols • 2nd – Non-Chinese civil servants • 3rd – Northern Chinese • 4th – Southern Chinese What belief systems did this dynasty encourage? Discourage? • Kublai Khan retained shamanism • Chinese belief systems largely unaffected by Yuan rule • Under Kublai Khan’s encouragement the number of Buddhist monasteries increased. How did this dynasty affect daily? • Yuan dynasty’s bloody wars of conquest led to the destruction of farmland. • Kublai Khan maintained China’s roads and canals, but later Yuan emperors let them deteriorate. List two ways this dynasty helped unite China? • Retained civil service, but staffed it with foreigners. • Allowed Chinese belief systems to coexist with Mongal shamanism. Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1368-1644) How did this dynasty rise to power? • Chinese took advantage of chaos of late Yuan rule to rebel against Mongols. • Rebel leader and founder of Ming Dynasty, Hong Wu, named his dynasty “brilliant” How did this dynasty govern China? • Reintroduced the Civil-Service Exam • Emperors extremely powerful, often ruled as despots • Brief period of overseas exploration although later Ming emperors prohibited foreign trade. What belief systems did this dynasty encourage? Discourage? • Rebirth of adherence to Confucianism • Many Chinese combined belief of Daoism, Confucianism and Buddhism. How did this dynasty affect daily? • Rebuilt bridges, canals, roads, temples, shrines and the wall of 500 cities • Heavy taxation and careless government produced peasant rebellion and civil war List two ways this dynasty helped unite China? • Secured borders of China to prevent foreign invasion • Rebuilt bridges, canals, roads, temples, and shrines.