ISLAMIC POLITICAL THOUGHTa THE CASE OP PAICISTA?f · by Raja Mohammed Baib A.B., University ot Karachi (Pakistan), 1952 A.X., Vn1Yera1ty ot Karachi (Pakiatan), 1954 A.M., The University or Kansas, 1958 Submitted to the Department or Political Soienoe and to the Paeulty ot the Graduate Sohool or The UniYeraity or Kansas in partial tultillment ot the reqUirementa tor the degree of Doctor ot Philoaophy AdY180l'J' Committee• RDDD59 Dlfb99 ACDOWLEDGMDTS It my privilege to thank the raoulty ot the Department ot Pol1t1cal Soienoe at The Vn1vera1ty ot Lawrence. Their and 1n the and uaetul helped much to write work. It a great honor to have J. Eldon He belongs to that brilliant category ot Amer1oan eduoatora, who oonatantl7 challenge, 1nap1N and enrich the ot their He la exaot1ngl7 ooapetent and one to do hia beat. The harder he a peraon, greater the in heart or Proteaaor P1elda 1 ot mind and depth or 'l'h1a represents, and will continue to on, the precious exchange ot With I thank the or Co11111ttee, Marston McCluggage, Department or Sociology and Human and Proteaaor Walter E. sandelius, Department or Political Science. Proteaaor NcCluggage and Proteaaor S&ndel1ua repreaent in my mind the beat of thoae mature, scholarly, and exemplary men whoae nobility of mind 11 would enrioh a117 cultural heritage With the ot tolerance, re1peot and intellectual br1111anoe. P1nally, tew wordl muat be aaid about plaoea whioh will be the moat decisive toroes in any future 1truggle tor the over the mind.I ot un. Although the 11bra17 ot The Vn1vera1t7 ot Kanta• contained uaetul baokground uter1al• tor the atutty, they were by no mean• acte,uate. A aummer at the tJn1Yera1t;y ot Ch1oago working in the University library and the Oriental Institute provided acoesa to indiapenaable original material•. The author would like to aoknowledge hia debt to Dr. Btban P. Allen, chairman of the Department ot Political Science at The ot bnaa1, tor hi• aa11atance in helping him to gain ent17 to the Un1veraity ot Chicago 11bral'1ea. A large debt 1• ond to the 1tatt ot the library at 'l'he Un1ven1ty.ot Kanaa1, eapeoially thole at the inter- library de1k tor their patient, oourteoua aaaiatanoe oYer a period ot aeveral yean. 111 IN'l'RODVCTIOI The purpo1e ot th1a 1tudy ia to examine the ma3or problem• ot I1lallio political philoaophJ' a• reflected 1n the development or Pak1atan aga1nat the -aokdrop ot the h1ator1c development or Ialall. Sinoe a prog:reaaive aociety dependa to a large extent on the ability other aeholara and leaders to think olearly and creatively, conatant attention Ifill be given to the uaeaaaent ot the nature and vitality ot ,he Muslim intellectual'• conoem about pol1t1oal Further, ainoe Pakistan tell partial heir to the Br1t11h demooratio tradition, a atudy ot Pak1atan1 political thought Will ot neoeaa1ty be in part a atudy ot the poaa1b1lity ot developing democratic inat1tution1 1n oountr1••• The d1aouaa1on ot Ialallie po11t1oal theory oannot be oarried out 1n purely aeeular tena. The religion or Ialall elailu obedience in rel1g1oua, pol1t1- cal, and 1001&1 attaira. 'l'here 11 no aeparat1on between the rule• governing man•a lite and conduct in th1a world and the world hereafter. A• 1uch the ot political theory lll\llt often 1hitt trom the to the rel1g1ou and vice atudy 1a divided into au chapter•. The tirat chapter a aurvey ot thought and political Vi 1nat1tut1ona trom tbe t1H ot lloba11111e4 (571-632), through the auoceaa1ve periods ot the early caliph• (631-661), the reign ot the Ollleyadea (661-7~9), and the Abbaaide (7•9- 1268). After di1oua11ng the oaliphate a1 a religio- po11t1cal institution, the 1tu4J' brings in the relevant parts of Mualim ltughal India roughly trom the thirteenth to the eighteenth century. Special on the laat part ot the ebapter 1• placed on the moat influential olaaaical politioal writers 11-Farabi, Al-llawrdi, and Ibn Khald'ID'l. Chapter II 1• continec.t to the Muslim Middle Baat and to two ot ita representative and influential philoaophen. The creative writing• and activities or lml (1839-1897), and Abduh (18,9-1905), have had direct on the later in the tield ot political theory•• indeed in other related Chapter III oovera the Indo-Pakiatan 1oene. The or Sa1nid Ahmed (1817-1899), and Mohammed Iqbal (1876-1938), have been aeleoted tor detailed examination. Sai17id 11 contributions in the do•in ot political lite ot the llualim ooDIIIUftity are He education to attect a happy blend ot the and the of thought. It1bal 11 in the political lite ot the 1111menaely impor- tant. He not only brought the essence of the struggle tor independence into a sharp tooua but wrote an outstanding and philosophical work on Vii political theory. I4bal also gave poetic expre1sion to the demands or the Mualim community with an eloquence and inap1rat1onal fieriness that was artistically auperb. Chapter rv, entitled •A Century and a Halt ot Muslim Political Thought,• 1a an important anchoring part of this Dissertation. In addition to 1potlighting the major 1aauea or Chapter• I to III, this chapter con- tains a critical analytical 1tudy or the ideas of the Mualim retormere discussed in the preceding chapters and aeta the stage tor the ensuing chapters on Pakistan. Chapters V and VI the contention ot thiB writer that there 1a a direct relat1onah1p between the paat Islamic political heritage and the creation of Pakistan•• an independent nation in 1947. •rom the perspective ot thil atudy, therefore, Pakistan•• con1t1- tut1onal experillent 1a a ieet caae. !'he political theories diacuased in chapters II and III and their critical analyai1 have round a fresh expression in Pakiatan and have been focussed 10 aharply aa to force all concerned to rethink and restate the problems ot Muslim political thought in the present day. An evalua• tion or the re1ulte thus tar achieved in the reetatement ot Muslim political thought 11 included 1n the concluding 1ection. Yi11 TABLE OJI COJITD'l'S Page ACDOVLEDCIDJITS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11 IN'mODlJC?IOM •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Vi CHAPTER I TBB BISTO!lY OP IIVSLDI POLI'l'ICJ.1, THOUQJl'l' • • • • 1 Part II '!'he Arab Middle Eaat The Inatitution ot Caliphate. • • • • • 1 661•7-5. • • • • • • • • • • 7 Abbaaida, 750-12\2. • • • • • • • • • • 8 The NoYeMnt. • • • • • • • 10 Part II1 'l'he Sub-Continent • 13 Claaeioal Nuali• Political Writings Abu Hamid Al Ghazzal1 • •••••• • • 20 Ibn 1Chaldun 11 Theory or Power State • • 22 Ibn lbaldun1a with Machiavelli ••••••••••• • • 27 Al Parab1 • ••••••••• • • • • • 29 Early Experiences and the Problems ot ltullim Pol1t1oal Thought •••••• • • • 31 II '1'HE PIRST REVIVALS THE AJlU MIDDLE EAST Saiyyid Jamal Ud Din Afghani. 1839-1897 •••••••• • • • • • • 38 SU111Jary or Jamal's Philosophy ••••• 45 Mohammed Abduh. • • • • • • • • • • • • 51 The Bond ••••••••• 6o Role ot in Abduh 1a Thought ••• 62 III THE SECORD REVIVALS THE IRDO-PAD:S'l'A:N' StJB-COR'l'IDlf'l' The Military • • • • • • • • 66 The Conservative Reeponee. • • • • • • 67 The Radical Reaponae. • • • • • • • • • 68 The • • • • • • • • • • • • 69 iv Sa1yy1d Ahmed Khan ••••••••••••• 70 Role of Education ••••••••••• 71 Anglo-Ialam1o Synthesis •••••••• 76 Mohammed Iqbal ••• • •••• • • • • • • • 81 Individual in hi• Thought ••••••• a, Individual and the Soc1et7 ••••••• 87 Iqbal1a Political lhilGBopb,7 ••• • •• 90 The Kingdom ot God on Earth •••••• 92 Iqbal•• Concept of the Self •••••• 93 Influence of Weatern Thought on Iqbal. 99 rv A CBl'l'VRY AKI> A BALP OP MUSLIM POLITICAL THOUGHT a A CRITICAL APPRAISAL. • • • • • • • 105 V 'l'BE COMS'l'I'l'U'l'IOHAL S'l'RlJIOLE DJ PAICISTAlf Pre-Partition Struggle for Pak1.atan • • 120 'l'he Syat·em ot Keaponaible lovefflllent and the •xslam1c State• ••••••• 134 The ObJeot1ve •••••••• 145 "Theocracy," "Theo-Democracy,• and "The Ialu1c Democracy• ••••••• 148 Political ••••••••••• 162 The ~aaic Demooraoy •••••••••• 171 The 1962 Constitutions Its Main Peaturea • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 176 VI SlDIIIARY AND COMCLUSIOHS I s \1llllllrJ' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • lS. Conclusions •••••••••••••• 192 BIBLIOGRAPHY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 194 V CHAPTER I THE HISTORY OF MUSLIM POLITICAL 'rHOUOHT Part Ia ---------The Arab Middle East Contempora17 Muslim political ideas and inatitutions are an extenaion, in part at least, ot the past. The more relevant of early Mualim political experience must be reviewed to provide the neeesaary background for tully underatanding later day Mualim political thought. During hie lifetime, Moha11111ed (570-632) performed 1imultaneously the function• of prophet, religious leader, chief judge, oommander ot the army, and civil head of the state. After death the Mualim connnunity waa confronted with the problem of the eleotion of hie aucceasor. The attempt to solve thia problem led to the rise of different political factions. Pirat, there were the Muhajreen-Emigrants who claimed that ainoe they belonged to the tribe of the prophet and were to accept mia11on, they should be given power. Second, there stood the An1ar-Supporters who asserted that had they not given Mohammed and nascent Islam asylum, both would have perished. Later on these two par- ties to constitute the Companiona--the closest aaaooiatea or Mohammed. 2 The Leg1t1m1ata were the third political faction who reaaoned that Allah and Mohalnled could not have lett the collllUllity ot believer• to the whim of an electorate, and therefore muat have made a clear prov1a1on tor the leader- ahip by dea1gnat1ng eome particular peraon to aueceed the prophet. Ali, the huaband ot the prophet•• only surviving daughter waa, accol'd1ng to thia group, the only leg1t111late aucceaaor. ReJecting the elective principle, the Legitim11ta maintained the divine right to rule. And laat, the ar1atocracy or the Quraiah tribe, the Cameyadea who bad held the reina or authority, power, and wealth in pre-Islamic daya (although the laat to profe•• Ialu), a1aerted their right to auooesaorahip. The prophet Mohammed made no provision tor a aucces- aor. It would be idle to 1peoulate whJ', with a genius tor organization, he neglected to make such proviaion tor the future ot the new comunity he had founded.