HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY OF ANDERSON COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA TRC 621 CHATHAM AVENUE COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAROLINA 29205 HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY OF ANDERSON COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA FINAL REPORT Submitted to: Anderson County 101 South Main Street, Room 217 Anderson, SC 29624 Submitted by: TRC 621 Chatham Avenue, 2nd Floor Columbia, SC 29205 Project # 33548 ______________________________________________________ Jennifer S. Revels, M.A., Principal Investigator Authored By Jennifer Revels and Mary Sherrer August 2002 The activity that is the subject of this report has been financed, in part, with Federal funds from the National Park Services, U.S. Department of the Interior, and administered by the South Carolina Department of Archives and History. However, the contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of the Interior. This program receives Federal financial assistance for identification and protection of historic properties. Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, as amended, the U. S. Department of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, disability or age in its federally assisted programs. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility as described above, or if you desire further information please write to: Office of Equal Opportunity, National Park Service, 1849 C Street, N.W., Washington DC 20240. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TRC wishes to thank Catherine Bergstrom and Paula Reel of the Anderson County Museum, and Donna Roper of the Pendleton District Commission for their assistance in gathering information on the history of Anderson County. TRC would also like to thank Krista Knaul of the South Carolina Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism for her assistance in identifying possible heritage tourism opportunities; Jonathan Fowler and C. Preston Cooley of the Williamston Area Historic Commission for their time in introducing the survey team to Williamston; and Philip MacArthur for his assistance in preparing this report. iiHistorical and Architectural Survey of Anderson County CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................ii FIGURES......................................................................................................................................................v I. PROJECT SUMMARY.............................................................................................................................1 II. PROJECT OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................2 III. SURVEY METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................................3 IV. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ..................................................................................................................5 Narrative Summary ..............................................................................................................................5 Physical Description of the County......................................................................................................5 Cherokee Occupation, ca. 1500–1777..................................................................................................5 Settlement Before and during the Revolutionary War, 1761–1785 .....................................................7 From Pendleton District to Anderson County, 1785–1826..................................................................9 Settlement and Growth of Anderson County, 1785–1860 ...................................................................9 The Columbia-Greenville Railroad, 1845–1865................................................................................14 Reconstruction and Expansion, 1865–1910s......................................................................................17 Industrial and Infrastructure Development, 1880s–1920s..................................................................20 Economic Depression and the New Deal, 1920s–1940s....................................................................23 1940s to the Present............................................................................................................................23 V. ARCHITECTURE OF ANDERSON COUNTY...................................................................................26 Homes of Log Construction ...............................................................................................................27 The I-House........................................................................................................................................28 One-Story Hall and Parlor Homes......................................................................................................33 Queen Anne........................................................................................................................................35 Craftsman Bungalows ........................................................................................................................40 Tenant Housing ..................................................................................................................................41 Neoclassical........................................................................................................................................42 VI. MILLS AND MILL VILLAGES IN ANDERSON COUNTY............................................................46 Jackson Mill, Iva ................................................................................................................................47 Autun Mill, La France........................................................................................................................48 Chiquola Mill, Honea Path.................................................................................................................49 Belton Mill .........................................................................................................................................50 Pelzer Mills 1–4 .................................................................................................................................51 Williamston Print Cotton Mill............................................................................................................52 Gluck Mill, Anderson.........................................................................................................................53 Orr Mill, Anderson.............................................................................................................................54 Equinox Mill, Anderson.....................................................................................................................55 Brogan Mill, Anderson .......................................................................................................................55 VII. RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................................................57 Townville ...........................................................................................................................................57 Starr....................................................................................................................................................58 Iva.......................................................................................................................................................58 Honea Path .........................................................................................................................................60 iiiHistorical and Architectural Survey of Anderson County Belton .................................................................................................................................................62 Pelzer/West Pelzer..............................................................................................................................64 Williamston ........................................................................................................................................66 Pendleton............................................................................................................................................69 Anderson ............................................................................................................................................70 Evaluation of Heritage Tourism Opportunities in Anderson County.................................................73 V. BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................................................78 VI. DATA GAPS………………………………………………………………………………………….84 VII. PROPERTIES LISTED IN THE NATIONAL REGISTER VIII. PROPERTIES DETERMINED ELIGIBLE FOR THE NATIONAL REGISTER IX. COMPILED INVENTORY X. APPENDICIES: MAPS OF PROPOSED AND EXISTING HISTORIC DISTRICTS A. ANDERSON B. BELTON C. HONEA PATH D. PELZER E. TOWNVILLE ivHistorical and Architectural Survey of Anderson County FIGURES 1. Milwee plantation, Site 0414 …………………………………………………………… 10 2. Smith’s Chapel, Site 0273……………………………………………………………….. 14 3. Obediah Shirley House, Site