Bromley, Amy Nicole (2018) Virginia Woolf and the work of the literary sketch: scenes and characters, politics and printing in Monday or Tuesday (1921). PhD thesis. https://theses.gla.ac.uk/8876/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Virginia Woolf and the Work of the Literary Sketch: Scenes and Characters, Politics and Printing in Monday or Tuesday (1921) Amy Bromley MA (Hons), MLitt Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of PhD School of Critical Studies College of Arts University of Glasgow September 2017 © Amy Bromley 2017 Abstract This thesis foregrounds Virginia Woolf’s 1921 volume of short fiction, Monday or Tuesday, examining its aesthetic qualities and formal strategies through the lens of the literary sketch. ‘Sketch’ is a term that has been invoked in criticism of Monday or Tuesday since its publication, but the provenance of the sketch as a literary genre and its centrality to Woolf’s aesthetic practices have not yet been fully examined in Woolf studies. The idea of the sketch is most often raised in analysis of her unfinished memoir, ‘A Sketch of the Past’, and as a descriptor for the general plotlessness of her short fiction; yet, the historical specificity and formal strategies of the sketch as an established literary genre have largely been elided in such discussions. Attending to the frequency and precision of Woolf’s own use of the term ‘sketch’, and particularly to her declared intention to ‘keep the quality of the sketch in the finished and composed work’ (D II 312), this thesis elucidates the sketch as a key mode of writing for Woolf. It argues that she achieved her desired combination of the sketch and the finished work most fully in the first Hogarth edition of Monday or Tuesday. A set of texts more usually encountered in anthologies or integrated with Woolf’s other short fiction, Monday or Tuesday has itself occupied a relatively marginal place in the critical construction of Woolf’s oeuvre. Although there has been a recent surge of work on the short fiction, Monday or Tuesday has yet to be foregrounded as the sole object of a monograph, or to appear as a scholarly edition. This thesis reads Monday or Tuesday in its entirety, in the specificity of its original publication by Woolf’s Hogarth Press, and considers what is at stake in reading this work as a collection of literary sketches. The analysis performed is grounded in the material qualities of the first UK edition, where the woodcuts by Vanessa Bell and the uncorrected mistakes made in the hand-printing of the book contribute to the effects of the sketch as it appears in print. In these aspects, the thesis builds on the substantial body of scholarship on the Hogarth Press and Bloomsbury aesthetics to discuss Monday or Tuesday as a printed sketchbook. It shows how the sketch manifests in Monday or Tuesday’s material appearance, where it combines the ‘evanescent’ and ‘engraved’ qualities later formulated alongside ‘the life of Monday or Tuesday’ in Woolf’s manifesto for ‘Modern Fiction’ (1925). Utilising Woolf’s own terminology throughout, the thesis explores the simultaneous ephemerality and permanence of the sketch, as something which can project into a future moment of writing, and whose significance can be realised belatedly; as something which works explicitly with the surface impression but which also layers moments of making. The thesis begins by drawing on recent scholarship to outline a history of the sketch as a literary genre which was popular throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Europe and America, and identifies examples of this tradition with which Woolf was familiar. Woolf’s deployment of the term ‘sketch’ is discussed in detail, from her early journals and juvenilia to her memoir, and the thesis proceeds to study the ways in which the sketch is at work in Monday or Tuesday. It examines the book’s contents under some conventional categories of the sketch: the scene, the character, and the political sketch. The central chapter of the thesis discusses the poetics and narrative strategies of scene-making and character-sketching, and Chapter Four highlights the feminist political inflections of Woolf’s use of the sketch. These readings show how the literary sketch is not defined simply by its fragmentary, ekphrastic or unfinished qualities, but also utilises narrative strategies of suggestion, deferral and interruption. The thesis reaches for finish in the final chapter by examining the material qualities of the book, including an examination of key variants between the first British and first American editions. While it makes serious strategic claims for the sketch as one possible genre through which to approach Monday or Tuesday, the thesis does not claim to definitively categorise these texts as sketches once and for all. Rather, in the attempt to treat these texts in broad- stroke but incisive detail, it acknowledges the procedures of the sketch itself – its representative provisionality, its potential to function as a detailed study, and its creation of a basis for re-working. It takes the idea of the sketch as a critical apparatus by which to perform the experimental reading that Monday or Tuesday’s own narrative strategies invite. The thesis ultimately seeks to foreground the work of both Monday or Tuesday and the literary sketch in Woolf’s modernist aesthetics, and to prepare the ground for future study of their significance for modernism more generally. Contents Figures Acknowledgements Abbreviations Introduction 1 i. Monday or Tuesday and the Sketch in Woolf Studies 8 ii. Texts and Works 18 iii. Sketches of Woolf 21 1. Outlining the Literary Sketch 24 1.1 The Visual Sketch 26 1.2 Literary Sketchbooks 32 1.3 ‘The Evanescent and Engraved’: From the Romantic to the Modernist Sketch 35 1.4 Sketches in Woolf’s Library 44 2. Sketching Woolf: Virginia Woolf’s Discourse of the Sketch 56 2.1 The Sketch in Woolf Studies: From Memoir to Juvenilia and the Early Journals 57 2.2 ‘Suppose one can keep the quality of the sketch in the finished and composed work?’ 63 2.3 Sketches in the Letters and Diaries 68 2.4 ‘to attempt to sketch a draft’: Phases of Composition 72 2.5 Sketch and Novel 78 3. Scenes and Characters from the Life of Monday or Tuesday 85 PART 1: SETTING THE SCENE 87 3.1.1 Behind the Scenes: ‘A Sketch of the Past’ 88 3.1.2 The Scene and the Moment: Staging Palimpsests 90 3.1.3 From The London Scene to ‘Kew Gardens’ 94 3.1.4 Scenes of Dialogue and Music: ‘The String Quartet’ 99 3.1.5 Scenes of Memory: Structure and Surface in ‘A Haunted House’ 103 PART 2: CHARACTER SKETCHES 108 3.2.1. Lineage of the Character Sketch 110 3.2.2 Un-Writing the Novel: Typical Mrs Brown 113 3.2.3 The Life of ‘An Unwritten Novel’ 115 4. Political Sketches: ‘for ever desiring truth’ 120 4.1 The Feminist Politics of the Sketch 122 4.2 Interruption, Digression and Sapphism in ‘A Society’ 126 4.3 Beside the Point: Interruption and Digression from ‘The Mark on the Wall’ 136 4.4 ‘Monday or Tuesday’: ‘– truth? content with closeness?’ 140 4.5 ‘Kew Gardens’: Scenes of Empire and Sapphic Subversions 146 5. The Sketchbook Itself: Monday or Tuesday (Richmond: Hogarth Press, 1921) 151 5.1 The Life of Monday or Tuesday 152 5.2 How Should One Read a Sketchbook?: The Book Itself 156 5.3 The Materiality of the Sketch 164 5.4 Monday or Tuesday (Richmond: Hogarth Press, 1921): The Texture of the Sketchbook 168 5.5 UK and US Variants 171 5.6 ‘Blue & Green’ 173 5.7 ‘Perverse Plasticity’ 176 Conclusion – The Life of Monday or Tuesday: ‘or now, content with closeness?’ 179 Appendix A – List of Sketches in the Library of Virginia and Leonard Woolf 181 Bibliography 184 Figures Fig. 1 ‘A Haunted House’, Monday or Tuesday (Hogarth Press,1921), pp. 10–11 170 Fig. 2 Monday or Tuesday (Hogarth Press, 1921), pp. 12–13 170 Fig. 3 ‘Blue & Green’, Monday or Tuesday (Hogarth Press, 1921), pp. 66–67 173 Acknowledgements This thesis was made possible by the generous support of the Arts and Humanities Research Council [Grant Number AH/K503046/1] and the College of Arts at the University of Glasgow, for which I am extremely grateful. Thanks are also due to the National Library of Scotland for providing access to the first edition of Monday or Tuesday. I would like to thank the staff in English Literature at Glasgow, particularly Dr John Coyle, Dr Andrew Radford, Dr Maria Dick, Professor Nigel Leask and Dr Bryony Randall for their encouragement throughout my time here. I also would like to thank my family and friends, with special mention to those who have fed and hosted me at various points throughout this process: Katy Hastie, Cole Collins, Iro Filippaki, Emma Ward and Lesley Roy – you kept me going. To my family, and especially to my Mum: thanks are not enough, so I dedicate this thesis to you, for everything you have ever done to make it possible.