EngGloss.TheAmerican 1/21/04 4:12 PM Page 2 ENGLISH GLOSSARY The Glossary is an alphabetical listing of many of the key terms from the chapters, along with their meanings. The definitions listed in the Glossary are the ones that apply to the way the words are used in this textbook. The Glossary gives the part of speech of each word. The following abbreviations are used: adj. = adjective n. = noun v. = verb American Expeditionary Force (AEF) n. the ENGLISH A U.S. forces, led by General John Pershing, who fought with the Allies in Europe during World War I. abolition n. movement to end slavery. American Federation of Labor (AFL) n. an Adams-Onís Treaty n. an 1819 agreement in alliance of trade and craft unions, formed in 1886. which Spain gave over control of the territory of Florida to the United States. American Indian Movement (AIM) n. a frequently militant organization that was formed in 1968 Adena n. a Mound Builder society that was centered to work for Native American rights. in the Ohio River valley and flourished from about 700 b.c. to a.d. 100. Americanization movement n. education program designed to help immigrants assimilate to affirmative action n. a policy that seeks to correct American culture. the effects of past discrimination by favoring the groups who were previously disadvantaged. American System n. a pre-Civil War set of measures designed to unify the nation and strengthen its Agent Orange n. a toxic leaf-killing chemical economy by means of protective tariffs, a national bank, sprayed by U.S. planes in Vietnam to expose Vietcong and such internal improvements as the development of a hideouts. transportation system. Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) n. a law Anaconda plan n. a three-part strategy by which enacted in 1933 to raise crop prices by paying farmers to the Union proposed to defeat the Confederacy in the leave a certain amount of their land unplanted, thus Civil War. lowering production. anarchist n. a person who opposes all forms of AIDS (acquired immune deficiency government. syndrome) n. a disease caused by a virus that weakens the immune system, making the body prone to Anasazi n. a Native American group that lived on the infections and otherwise rare forms of cancer. mesa tops, cliff sides, and canyon bottoms of the Four Corners region (where the present-day states of Arizona, Alamo, the n. a mission and fort in San Antonio, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah meet) from about a.d. Texas, where Mexican forces massacred rebellious Texans 100 to 1300. in 1836. annex v. to incorporate a territory into an existing Alien and Sedition Acts n. a series of four laws political unit, such as a state or a nation. enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants to the United States. antebellum adj. belonging to the period before the Civil War. Alliance for Progress n. a U.S. foreign-aid program of the 1960s, providing economic and technical Antifederalist n. an opponent of a strong central assistance to Latin American countries. government. Allies n. 1. in World War I, the group of nations— appeasement n. the granting of concessions to a originally consisting of Great Britain, France, and hostile power in order to keep the peace. Russia and later joined by the United States, Italy, Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company and others—that opposed the Central Powers. 2. in Appomattox Court House n. town near World War II, the group of nations—including Great Appomatox, Virginia, where Lee surrendered to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States—that Grant on April 9, 1865, thus ending the Civil War. opposed the Axis powers. (37°N 79°W) 2 THE AMERICANS EngGloss.TheAmerican 1/21/04 4:12 PM Page 3 apprentice n. a worker learning a trade or craft, Battle of Midway n. a World War II battle that usually under the supervision of a master. took place in early June 1942. The Allies decimated the Japanese fleet at Midway, an island lying northwest of arbitration n. a method of settling disputes in which Hawaii. The Allies then took the offensive in the Pacific both sides submit their differences to a mutually and began to move closer to Japan. approved judge. Battle of Wounded Knee n. the massacre by U.S. armistice n. a truce, or agreement to end an armed soldiers of 300 unarmed Native Americans at Wounded conflict. Knee Creek, South Dakota, in 1890. ENGLISH Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) Beatles, the n. a British band that had an enormous n. the southern Vietnamese soldiers with whom U.S. influence on popular music in the 1960s. troops fought against communism and forces in the North during the Vietnam War. beat movement n. a social and artistic movement of the 1950s, stressing unrestrained literary self- Articles of Confederation n. a document, expression and nonconformity with the mainstream adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1777 culture. and finally approved by the states in 1781, that outlined the form of government of the new United States. Benin n. a West African kingdom that flourished in the Niger Delta region (in what is now Nigeria) from the Ashcan school n. a group of early 20th-century 14th to the 17th century. American artists who often painted realistic pictures of city life—such as tenements and homeless people—thus Berlin airlift n. a 327-day operation in which U.S. earning them their name. and British planes flew food and supplies into West Berlin after the Soviets blockaded the city in 1948. assimilation n. a minority group’s adoption of the beliefs and way of life of the dominant culture. Berlin Wall n. a concrete wall that separated East Berlin and West Berlin from 1961 to 1989, built by the Atlantic Charter n. a 1941 declaration of Communist East German government to prevent its principles in which the United States and Great Britain citizens from fleeing to the West. set forth their goals in opposing the Axis powers. Bessemer process n. a cheap and efficient process Axis powers n. the group of nations—including for making steel, developed around 1850. Germany, Italy, and Japan—that opposed the Allies in World War II. Bill of Rights n. the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, added in 1791 and consisting of a Aztec n. a Native American people that settled in the formal list of citizens’ rights and freedoms. Valley of Mexico in the 1200s a.d. and later developed a powerful empire. bimetallism n. the use of both gold and silver as a basis for a national monetary system. B black codes n. the discriminatory laws passed throughout the post-Civil-War South which severely baby boom n. the sharp increase in the U.S. birthrate restricted African Americans’ lives, prohibiting such following World War II. activities as traveling without permits, carrying weapons, serving on juries, testifying against whites, Bank of the United States n. either of the two and marrying whites. national banks, funded by the federal government and private investors, established by Congress, the first in blacklist n. a list of about 500 actors, writers, 1791 and the second in 1816. producers, and directors who were not allowed to work on Hollywood films because of their alleged Communist Battle of the Bulge n. a month-long battle of connections. World War II, in which the Allies succeeded in turning Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company back the last major German offensive of the war. Black Panthers n. a militant African-American political organization formed in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to fight police brutality and to provide services in the ghetto. MULTI-LANGUAGE GLOSSARY 3 EngGloss.TheAmerican 1/21/04 4:12 PM Page 4 Black Power n. a slogan used by Stokely Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka n. Carmichael in the 1960s that encouraged African- a 1954 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that American pride and political and social leadership. “separate but equal” education for black and white students was unconstitutional. Black Tuesday n. a name given to October 29, 1929, when stock prices fell sharply. Bull Moose Party n. a name given to the Progressive Party, formed to support Theodore Bleeding Kansas n. a name applied to the Kansas Roosevelt’s candidacy for the presidency in 1912. Territory in the years before the Civil War, when the ENGLISH territory was a battleground between proslavery and buying on margin n. the purchasing of stocks by antislavery forces. paying only a small percentage of the price and borrowing the rest. blitzkrieg n. from the German word meaning “lightning war,” a sudden, massive attack with combined air and ground forces, intended to achieve a quick C victory. blockade n. the use of ships or troops to prevent cabinet n. the group of department heads who serve movement into and out of a port or region controlled by as the president’s chief advisers. a hostile nation. Camp David Accords n. historic agreements bonanza farm n. an enormous farm on which a between Israel and Egypt, reached in negotiations at single crop is grown. Camp David in 1978. Bonus Army n. a group of World War I veterans and capitalism n. an economic system in which private their families who marched on Washington, D.C., in individuals and corporations control the means of 1932 to demand the immediate payment of a bonus they production and use them to earn profits. had been promised for military service.