Ubuntu Linux Server Structure and Config SANOG 10 Workshop August 29 – New Delhi, India Hervey Allen nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India What's Our Goal? ● A bit of Debian & Ubuntu philosophy ● Differences from the Red Hat world – Package system – Debian's root philosophy – Tools you may need – Installing your environment – How the OS and services start/stop nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India Some Practical Matters ● Please do not change the root or inst passwords. ● Questions are encouraged :-) ● Questions? nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India Who We Think We Are Teaching A class that has already experienced or used Linux or UNIX in the real world. We're assuming an intermediate to advanced level of knowledge. Are we right? nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India Some Philosophy ● Debian's conservative model – Very different from Fedora Core ● Releases and Repositories ● Ubuntu's benefactor: Mark Shuttleworth ● Desktop vs. Server vs. LTS versions ● The connection with Debian ● Restricted software and Ubuntu nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India Ubuntu Debian Release Name Version Release Name Version Warty Warthog 4.1 buzz 1.1 Hoary Hedgehog 5.04 rex 1.2 bo 1.3 Breezy Badger 5.10 hamm 2.0 Dapper Drake 6.06 slink 2.1 Edgy Eft 6.10 potato 2.2 Feisty Fawn 7.04 woody 3.0 Gutsy Gibbon 7.10 sarge 3.1 etch 4.0 6.06 is “LTS” 7.10 is planned (7/10) lenny tba nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India The World of Ubuntu Start here: http://www.ubuntu.com/ Server – “Feisty Fawn” 7.04 (18 month support) – “Dapper Drake“ 6.06 LTS (5 years support) – “Edgy Eft” 6.10 (18 month support) Desktop – Current are 6.10 and 7.04. Kubuntu (KDE), Edubuntu (Educational) nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India What's Different ● Software management – dpkg – apt (this is what we'll use) – apt-cache – aptitude – synaptic – meta-packages – repositories nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India What's Different cont. ● Startup scripts – In /etc/init.d/ (System V) – Upon install services run! ● Controlling services – update-rc.d – sysvconfig – rcconf – rc-config nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India What's Different cont. ● Make and GCC – Not installed by default. Why? – 32,000+ packages – To get “apt-get install build-essential” ● Upstart (coming) – replaces /sbin/init – no inittab – see upstart.ubuntu.com for details nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India What's Different cont. ● The use of root is discouraged by default and sudo is used instead. ● You can do apt-get dist-upgrade to move between major and minor releases. ● Sources in /etc/apt/sources.list (how you install from cd/dvd). nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India Software Repositories Defines what is available to you – i.e. where apt will look. There are four major categories: Ubuntu Debian 1. main 1. stable 2. restricted 2. testing 3. universe 3. unstable 4. multiverse nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India Software Repositories Ubuntu mamainin ● CCoorree iinnssttaallll ooff UUbbuunnttuu ● FFuullllyy ssuuppppoorrtteedd bbyy UUbbuunnttuu ● FFrreeeellyy rreeddiissttrriibbuuttaabbllee aanndd uunneennccuummbbeerreedd,, bbuutt mmaayy ccoonnttaaiinn bbiinnaarriieess.. nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India Software Repositories cont. rereststricterictedd ● CCoommmmoonnllyy uusseedd ssooffttwwaarree,, bbuutt iiss nnoott lliicceennsseedd aass ccoommpplleetteellyy ffrreeee.. ● SSuuppppoorrtteedd bbyy UUbbuunnttuu aass bbeesstt aass ppoossssiibbllee.. ● IInncclluuddeess bbiinnaarryy ddrriivveerrss ffoorr ssppeecciiffiicc hhaarrddwwaarree.. ● OOppeenn ssoouurrccee vveerrssiioonnss uusseedd ffiirrsstt.. nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India Software Repositories cont. univeuniverserse ● CCoonnttaaiinnss rreemmaaiinniinngg ooppeenn ssoouurrccee ssooffttwwaarree tthhaatt mmaayy bbee aavvaaiillaabbllee uunnddeerr ““lleessss ooppeenn lliicceennsseess..”” ● BBuuiilltt aaggaaiinnsstt lliibbrraarriieess aanndd ttoooollss iinn ““mmaaiinn””,, tthhuuss iitt sshhoouulldd iinnssttaallll aanndd bbee ssttaabbllee.. ● NNoo gguuaarraanntteeee ooff rreegguullaarr uuppddaatteess,, bbuutt tthheeyy aarree pprroovviiddeedd aass mmaaddee aavvaaiillaabbllee.. nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India Software Repositories cont. multivemultiverserse ● CCoonnttaaiinnss ssooffttwwaarree tthhaatt iiss ““nnoott ffrreeee..”” ● YYoouu mmuusstt ddeetteerrmmiinnee iiff yyoouu mmeeeett lliicceennssiinngg rreeqquuiirreemmeennttss.. ● UUnnssuuppppoorrtteedd aanndd uuppddaatteess//uuppggrraaddeess aarree nnoott pprroovviiddeedd.. ● UUssee ““aatt yyoouurr oowwnn rriisskk..”” nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India What's the Reality? FFoorr ““ssiimmppllee”” sseerrvveerrss “m“maaiinn”” aanndd ““rreessttrriicctteedd”” aarree eennoouugghh.. FFoorr sseerrvveerrss wwiitthh mmoorree ccoommpplleexx ccoonnffiigguurraattiioonnss ((lliikkee iinn tthhiiss ccllaassss)),, tthheenn ““uunniivveerrssee”” iiss aa mmuusstt aanndd ““mmuullttiivveerrssee”” mmaayy bbee nneeeeddeedd aass wweellll.. SSttaabbiilliittyy:: yyoouu mmuusstt ppaayy aatttteennttiioonn ttoo mmuullttiivveerrssee iinnssttaalllleedd ssooffttwwaarree.. nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India Additional Repositories OOnn ssoommee ooccccaassiioonnss yyoouu mmaayy nneeeedd ttoo aadddd tthhiirrdd--ppaarrttyy rreeppoossiittoorriieess ffoorr ssppeecciiffiicc ssooffttwwaarree.. EExaxampmplesles IIncludenclude:: ● SkSkypypee ● PPPPTTPP ● IEIE eemumullaatotorsrs ((yyoouurr aauutthhoorr uusseess ffoorr tteessttiinngg)) nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India Additional Repositories Backports ● See http://www.backports.org/ ● Be careful with these. Newer software that is “backported” to run on older versions of Ubuntu (or Debian...). ● Can cause problems if you wish to do a distribution upgrade. nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India Repository Philosophy Ubuntu 7x vs. Debian ● Fundamental change in philosophy: – Firefox, Thunderbird, OpenOffice, kernel, proprietary binary drivers, etc... – Ubuntu repository vs. Debian for Firefox ● main vs. “iceweasel” now in stable http://web.glandium.org/blog/?p=97 – Ubuntu licensing issues nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India Specifying Repositories /e/ettc/ac/appt/sot/sources.urces.listlist ● WWee''llll hhaanndd eeddiitt tthhiiss ffiillee.. IIff yyoouu uussee aa GGUUII,, tthheenn SSyynnaappttiicc ccaann ddoo tthhiiss ffoorr yyoouu.. ● TThhiiss ffiillee ccoonnttaaiinnss aa nnuummbbeerr ooff aaddddiittiioonnaall iitteemmss...... ● UUnnddeerrssttaannddiinngg tthhee ccoonnffiigguurraattiioonn iiss ccrriittiiccaall ttoo uunnddeerrssttaannddiinngg yyoouurr ccoonnffiigg.. nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India /etc/apt/sources.list InInclclududeess ● RReeppoossiittoorriieess ● LLooccaattiioonn:: ii..ee.. llooccaall mmiirrrroorrss,, ccdd//ddvvdd--rroomm,, llooccaall sseerrvveerr ((nnoocc iinn ccllaassssrroooomm)),, ffttpp,, eettcc.. ● SSeeccuurriittyy uuppddaattee rreeppoossiittoorriieess ● tthhiirrdd--ppaarrttyy rreeppoossiittoorriieess ● bbaacckkppoorrttss nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India Critical Reads mamann aappt-get-gett mamann sosoururccees.s.listlist SSoommee ppeeooppllee lliikkee aappttiittuuddee.. TThhaatt''ss ffiinnee,, bbuutt wwaattcchh oouutt ffoorr ddeeppeennddeennccyy iissssuueess!! nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India Meta Packages ● AnAnnonoyingying toto neneww useusersrs ● ProProvidvidee aallll papackckaaggeess ffoorr ssubsysteubsystemsms ● InInititiaiall dodocumcumeentantattioionn https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MetaPackages EExaxampmplesles includeinclude:: – build-essential (libc, g++, gcc, make) – uubunbuntu-destu-desktoktopp ((xxoorrgg,, ggnnoommee)) – xserver-xorg-video-intel nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India There's more... But, hopefully enough to get us started... Some Resources ● www.ubuntu.com ● ubuntuforums.org ● www.debian.org ● ubuntuguide.org ● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian ● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_(Linux_distribution) GIYF (Google Is Your Friend) nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India Packages & Exercises We'll reinforce some of these concepts using exercises... nsrc@SANOG10 New Delhi, India.