Tātou o tagata folau. Pacific development through learning traditional voyaging on the waka hourua, Haunui. Raewynne Nātia Tucker 2020 School of Social Sciences and Public Policy, Faculty of Culture and Society A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy Table of Contents Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... i Abstract ........................................................................................................................ v List of Figures .............................................................................................................. vi List of Tables ............................................................................................................... vii List of Appendices ...................................................................................................... viii List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................... ix Glossary ....................................................................................................................... x Attestation of Authorship ............................................................................................. xiii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 My story / My motivation ............................................................................................ 1 Research purpose ..................................................................................................... 3 Research questions .................................................................................................. 4 Pacific / Polynesian / Māori ....................................................................................... 4 Structure of thesis ..................................................................................................... 5 Summary ................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2: Pacific development .................................................................................... 7 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 7 International development in the Pacific .................................................................... 7 Pacific development .................................................................................................. 9 Six key elements of Pacific development ............................................................. 10 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 14 CHAPTER 3: Critical review of literature ..................................................................... 16 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 16 Pacific peoples in Aotearoa New Zealand ............................................................... 16 Traditional voyaging ................................................................................................ 18 Western historical knowledge about traditional voyaging ..................................... 20 i Indigenous knowledge about traditional voyaging ................................................ 23 Current knowledge about voyaging – practical exploration .................................. 26 How traditional voyaging waka hourua have informed Pacific thinking in Aotearoa New Zealand ....................................................................................................... 28 Waka hourua, Haunui.............................................................................................. 29 Summary ................................................................................................................. 33 Chapter 4: Research Method and Methodology .......................................................... 35 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 35 Research design ..................................................................................................... 35 Pacific ontology ................................................................................................... 35 Indigenous critical praxis...................................................................................... 36 Insider Research ................................................................................................. 36 Kakala Research Framework ............................................................................... 37 Research Method .................................................................................................... 39 Teu – preparation and planning ........................................................................... 39 Toli – data collection ............................................................................................ 40 Tui - data analysis................................................................................................ 48 Luva – presentation ............................................................................................. 53 Malie – appreciation ............................................................................................. 54 Mafana - transformation ....................................................................................... 54 Reflections .............................................................................................................. 55 Can Tongan research methodologies and methods serve Pacific people who are not Tongan? ........................................................................................................ 55 Is a pan-Pacific approach relevant? ..................................................................... 55 Benefits of insider research ................................................................................. 56 Risk of insider research ....................................................................................... 56 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 56 Chapter 5: Findings: ................................................................................................... 57 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 57 Values Mālolo ......................................................................................................... 57 Values of the waka .............................................................................................. 57 ii Back to basics rejection of modernity ................................................................... 58 What We’re Learning Mālolo ................................................................................... 59 Knowledge and skills ........................................................................................... 59 Personal Development ........................................................................................ 61 Research process ................................................................................................ 67 Learning and sharing knowledge Mālolo ................................................................. 68 Responsibility to share ......................................................................................... 68 How we are taught ............................................................................................... 69 Knowledge sharing innovations ........................................................................... 71 Involve the whole family ....................................................................................... 72 Pacific vs Western frames of reference ................................................................ 74 Pacific vs Western learning environments ........................................................... 76 Spiritual Connections Mālolo ................................................................................... 77 The spiritual connections ..................................................................................... 78 Haunui is a spiritual place .................................................................................... 79 Trust .................................................................................................................... 81 Identity Mālolo ......................................................................................................... 82 Belonging to two .................................................................................................. 82 One person, Two waka ........................................................................................ 82 One person, Two countries .................................................................................. 83