Glossary of Recreation Therapy and Occupational Therapy ✍ David R. Austin Glossary of Recreation Therapy and Occupational Therapy Venture Publishing, Inc. Copyright © 2001 Venture Publishing, Inc. 1999 Cato Avenue State College, PA 16801 (814) 234-4561; Fax (814) 234-1651 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. Trademarks: All brand names and product names used in this book are trademarks, registered trademarks, or trade names of their respective holders. Production Manager: Richard Yocum Manuscript Editing: Valerie Paukovits, Richard Yocum, and Julie F. Klein Cover Design: Venture Publishing, Inc. Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 00-111038 ISBN 1-892132-19-2 Preface This glossary of recreation therapy and occupational therapy terms is meant to serve as a study guide for students and a reference book for practitioners. It may also be a valuable aid to those preparing for comprehensive examinations, such as national certification exams or graduate school comprehensive exams. Recreation therapy and occupational therapy encompass a wide scope of activity. Therefore, I have attempted to be eclectic in developing the glossary in order to reflect a full range of approaches to these professions. I would like to thank my colleagues, Professors Youngkhill Lee, Ph.D., CTRS, and Bryan McCormick, Ph.D., CTRS, for their thoughtful reviews of the glossary. I would also like to thank Karen Scott, M.S., OTR, of Bloomington Hospital, for her thorough review of the glossary and Professor Celestine Hamant, M.S., OTR, SAOTA , of Indiana University, for identifying historical figures in occupational therapy. While using this glossary, should you have suggestions to improve it please let me hear from you. David R. Austin, Ph.D., CTRS, FALS Indiana University Bloomington Phone: 812/855-3086 Email: [email protected] Glossary of Recreation Therapy A and Occupational Therapy AA — accessibility AA abscess Alcoholics Anonymous Localized collection of pus AAHPERD absence American Alliance for Health, Physi- Petit mal epilepsy cal Education, Recreation, and Dance; in 1950s had a Recreation Therapy Section abstinence Refraining voluntarily from some activ- AARP ity, such as sexual intercourse; or from a American Association of Retired Persons substance, such as food or drugs abasement abulia Degradation of oneself; excessive compla- Inability to make decisions cence or accepting punishment abuse abasia To misuse, attack or injure physically or Inability to walk because of a lack of motor psychologically. The most common form coordination, usually due to psychological is child abuse. Child abuse refers to a child disturbance who has suffered repeated injuries (includ- ing bone fractures, neurologic and psy- abate chologic damage, and sexual abuse) at the To decrease or reduce in severity or degree hands of a parent or adult abduction Academy of Leisure Sciences (ALS) Movement of a body part away from the Prestigious society composed of scholars midline of the body who have made outstanding contributions to knowledge about recreation and leisure aberration Deviation from what is typical or normal acathexis Lack of feeling associated with an ordinar- abnormal ily emotionally charged subject Diverging from the normal. The problem with the term is that it can only be defined accessibility in relation to what is normal, about which Elements in the built environment (site or there is often much disagreement building) that allow approach, entrance, and use of facilities by those with sensory abrasion or mobility impairments; having programs Scraping or rubbing off skin or mucous open to persons with disabilities membrane Glossary of A Recreation Therapy accommodation — activity therapy and Occupational Therapy accommodation acrophobia Responding to the environment through Abnormal fear (phobia) of heights new activity or thinking; contrast to Piag- et’s assimilation acting out Expression of emotional tension or intra- accreditation psychic conflict in overt behavior rather Voluntary process by which standards are than words; usually used to describe applied to an institution in order to deter- impulsive, aggressive behavior in which mine if they are met. For example, hospi- the person is not consciously aware of the tals and health facilities may be accredited meaning of such act by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO). action therapies College and university curricula may be Term to describe action-orientated thera- accredited by an accrediting body pies such as recreation therapy or thera- peutic recreation, occupational therapy and acculturation music therapy; in contrast to “talk therapies” The processes by which children are social- ized to learn the behavior patterns of their activities of daily living (ADL) social group or culture Activities usually performed in the course of a normal day in a person’s life, such as acid eating, dressing, bathing, grooming, and Slang term for lysergic acid diethylamide homemaking (LSD) activity analysis acme Process of systematically appraising what The highest point; critical stage or crisis behaviors and skills are required for par- point of a disease ticipation in a given activity acoustics activity group The science of sound; characteristics of a Activity in which several individuals par- room that affect the distinctness with which ticipate sounds can be heard activity therapy acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) Umbrella term used to describe activity or Infectious disease that disables the immune action-oriented services including recre- system. It is caused by the human immuno- ation therapy or therapeutic recreation, deficiency virus (HIV). When HIV causes occupational therapy and music therapy; the immune system to fail, a person may usually applied in psychiatric facilities develop a variety of life-threatening illnesses Glossary of Recreation Therapy A and Occupational Therapy actualization — ADHD actualization adapted physical education Realization of one’s full potential Modified physical activity in educational settings for students with disabilities acuity Sharpness; used in relation to the senses adapted recreation such as visual acuity Term often applied to community-based recreation programs designed for persons acupuncture with disabilities Pain control technique in which fine metal needles are inserted under the skin at cer- adaptive equipment tain locations Term related to equipment that enables a person with a disability to function inde- acute pendently; the term is being replaced by Of sudden onset; not chronic the term, assistive devices ADA addiction Americans with Disabilities Act Compulsive craving for something; over dependence on the intake of certain sub- ADAAG stances; older term for physiological de- Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibil- pendence on a chemical substance ity Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities adduction adaptation Movement of a body part toward the mid- Response or adjustment to a stressor; fitting line of the body one’s behavior to meet the needs of one’s environment which may involve a modi- adherence fication of one’s impulses, emotions or Degree to which clients follow recommen- attitudes dations of practitioners; also called compli- ance adapted activities Altered activities which fit the needs, ADHD interests and capabilities of individuals; Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder changes may be made in rules or equipment to accommodate the persons participating Adapted Child A transactional analysis ego-state that has two functions, either conforming or rebel- ling to what another person wants Glossary of A Recreation Therapy adhesion — adventitiously blind and Occupational Therapy adhesion individual psychology, inferiority complex, Scar tissue that connects two surfaces that and overcompensation normally are separate from each other; adhesions are sometimes a complication of Administration on Aging (AoA) surgery Principle U.S. agency to carry out the pro- visions of the Older Americans Act adipose Fatty adolescence Period from puberty to sexual maturity adjunct Additional treatment or procedure used for adrenal increasing the efficacy of the primary treat- Flattened body above each kidney that ment or procedure secretes steroid hormones, epinephrine, and norepinephrine adjunctive therapy Somewhat dated term referring to supple- adrenalin mental treatment; used in hospitals to Hormone secreted by the adrenal glands categorize disciplines such as recreation (lying over the kidneys) in times of emer- therapy or therapeutic recreation, occupa- gency or excitement; also called epinephrine tional therapy, and physical therapy Adult adjustment Transactional analysis ego state that is Individual’s functional alteration or adap- analytical, rational, and nonjudgmental. It tion to the immediate environment or one’s is the objective part of personality inner self adult day care adjustment disorder Supervised recreation, social, and health DSM-IV-TR category for maladaptive re- services for older clients with cognitive, actions to identifiable life events or circum- emotional, or physical impairments; pro- stances vides respite for regular caregivers ADL adventitious deafness Activities of daily living Due to injury of the ear; in contrast to con- genital deafness