SPECIAL STAMP HISTORY Proposed Anglo-French Issue 1940 On 3 September 1939 France and Great Britain declared war upon Nazi Germany. In the following months an unprecedented degree of co-operation arose between the two countries on military, political and economic matters, which caused many hopeful observers to envisage an even closer union, extending beyond the war and drawing in other countries. The earliest recorded example of this enthusiasm seeking philatelic expression is that of M. Fernand Griffon, of Étables in Brittany who on 30 November 1939 wrote to both King George VI and President Albert Lebrun of France, suggesting a stamp for simultaneous release in both countries, either in separate languages and denominations, or, size permitting, combining both. The design would include a figure representing Peace and the legend ‘Notre But’ (Our Aim). He referred to bi-lingual stamps displaying the denomination in both local currencies issued in the Anglo-French Condominium of the New Hebrides from 1925 to 1938. M. Griffon's letter to President Lebrun was forwarded to the French Postal Administration, the PTT, who replied with a polite acknowledgement. His letter to King George VI was passed to the Foreign Office, who made no subsequent reply and, in fact, seem to have promptly mislaid it. Later, when the proposal had been taken up officially and was moving toward 1 fruition amidst wide public interest, M. Griffon wrote to various bodies, including the French Press, the PTT, the BBC and Buckingham Palace, in a vain attempt to win recognition as its originator. The initiative in fact came from M. Jean Giraudoux, the playwright and novelist, as head of the French Government Information Bureau. In a speech on 29 December the French Premier, M. Edouard Daladier, had expressed the mood of solidarity with Britain and spoken of a ‘possible federal organisation of the future between the European states’ which would spring from this wartime experience. In the wake of this, M. Giraudoux made a broadcast address to Britain on the evening of the following day in which he described the two nations' historic mutual respect and, to quote THE TIMES of 1 January 1940, ‘proposed as a design for future postage stamp use, the two figures representing France and Great Britain, with their leopard and cock’. AROUSAL OF PUBLIC INTEREST In response to this, Dr Ernest Barker, recently retired as Professor of Political Science at Peterhouse College, Cambridge, wrote a letter published in THE TIMES of 5 January proposing ‘a common postage stamp . circulating as an alternative to the ordinary special stamps of the two countries’. He suggested that the design be ‘the simpler the better . our King on the one side and the figure of France on the other’. The object would be to strengthen further the close association that had already come about: ‘What already exists is a working union . a nascent federal union’. Meanwhile interested reactions to M. Giraudoux's original proposal were appearing almost simultaneously in the French press, who in turn noted the suggestions put forward by Dr Barker. On 8 January Barker re- iterated his proposals directly to the GPO, which now became involved. Fresh impetus was given to events by a speech given at the Mansion House by the Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, on 9 January, in which he suggested that the close Anglo- French association that had arisen during the war would prove far too valuable to give up after it. This led to renewed correspondence in THE TIMES on 13 January, with letters urging issuing a stamp to mark allied solidarity in the centenary year of the adhesive postage stamp. Subsequent correspondence raised again the precedent of the New Hebrides stamps and culminated on 1 March with a sweeping call for a ‘single postal area with one system of stamps and rates of postage’, with a Customs union and single coinage. 2 APPROACHES TO THE GPO While public interest continued to mount on both sides of the Channel, Geoffrey le Mesurier Mander, Liberal MP for Wolverhampton East, approached the Postmaster General, Major G C Tryon MP. By 18 January it had been agreed that Mr Mander should put a parliamentary question to the PMG, asking that he consider consulting the French government regarding ‘a Franco-British stamp with a design of two figures representing . the unity of the two countries’. Pressure of business meant this question was not asked until 31 January, when the PMG replied that in view of the Postage Stamp Centenary issue due in May, he could not consider another issue ‘at the present time’. Importantly, the PMG left open the possibility of an issue at a later date, and indicated his willingness to hear further representations, while Mr Mander took the opportunity to suggest the French stamp issued for the British Royal Visit of 1938 as a possible model. The same idea was raised in France, where one philatelic commentator declared of the 1938 stamp: ‘Le timbre anglo-français idéal existe dejà.’ On 31 January, shortly after his exchange with Mr Mander in the House of Commons, the PMG received a letter from M. Jules Julien, the French Minister of Posts, dated 26 January. M. Julien described how, after promptings from various quarters in France, the suggestion had arisen that the two postal administrations should simultaneously issue a special stamp, and understood that a similar project was afoot in Britain. He would be eager to implement such a proposal, ‘the realisation of which would provide renewed confirmation of the close unity between our two countries’. If the GPO were agreeable, he suggested a conference to plan the details. The PMG agreed to M. Julien's proposals, subject to their practicability. Some thought had already been given to the matter by the Deputy Director General, Sir Raymond Birchall, in a minute of 22 January, which presented the options: (a) a ‘common stamp’, postally valid in both countries; (b) a ‘common design’, issued with different denominations in each country; (c) separate designs ‘in accordance with the artistic traditions of each country, but embodying identical features, eg, the heads of His Majesty the King and the French President’. There was some apprehension at creating a precedent post-war whereby the GPO might be forced to adopt such French practices as pictorial stamp designs and charity surcharges. The DDG also doubted whether a common stamp was practicable, due to the fluid exchange rate between sterling and the French franc: this was confirmed in a meeting with Treasury officials on 5 February. On 8 February, at a meeting with the Postal Services Department, R J Fanshawe, the Controller of Stores, supplied a minute by D P Dell of his department, pointing out difficulties in achieving the ‘common design’ option; the GPO were contractually bound to the printers Harrison & Sons Ltd for production of all but high value stamps, which effectively limited special issues to Harrisons’ photogravure process, whereas French stamps were normally either letterpress or recess printed. Similarly, British 3 stamps had to be printed on Crown-watermarked paper, while the French used their own paper with the ‘RF’ watermark. It would thus be difficult to produce stamps of identical appearance in both French and British versions of the same design, and ‘invidious comparisons might arise as regards the quality of production reached in the respective countries’. PROPOSAL WELCOMED BY KING Aside from these problems, however, the Stores Department considered that an issue in the ½d to 3d range of values could be made in September or October. On 12 February the PMG wrote to Sir Alexander Hardinge, the King's private secretary, advocating an Anglo- French stamp of common design, and seeking His Majesty's reaction to the possible omission of his portrait from the design if the French did not wish to feature President Lebrun. The alternative would be to represent both countries by heraldic, pictorial or allegorical means; Major Tryon cited the 1938 Royal Visit stamp as an example and added that the French had no precedent for depicting a current head of state. (There was in fact a precedent with Napoleon III.) Sir Alexander replied next day that the proposal commended itself to the King, who would be willing for some other symbol to replace his head if the portrayal of himself and President Lebrun were unacceptable to the French. On 21 February the PMG replied to M. Julien, assuring him of support. He warned that the proposed issue could not be made before 1 September at the earliest. A common design featuring the King and President was the option preferred by the GPO; the stamp should be distributed as widely as possible in values suitable for both inland and overseas use. Most details could be settled at a meeting in London whenever it was convenient for M. Julien’s representatives to attend, although he welcomed an early indication of the French views on design and the time the issue should remain on sale. PRELIMINARIES M. Julien's agreement to the above was sent on 3 March, and the meeting set for 18 March. Preliminary discussions were held on 11 March between the Director of Postal Services, Colonel F C G Twinn, plus several officers of his department, and Messrs Fanshawe and Dell of Stores; it was felt that the normal protracted process of design selection might not be acceptable to the French and had, in any case, failed to produce a result of distinction for the Postage Stamp Centenary issue. It was decided that the task would go to a single artist, ideally Edmund Dulac. Being of French origins he should hopefully be acceptable to the French, while ‘no artist in this country is more skilled in designing stamps’.