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Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 8013690 An experimental investigation of the effectiveness of training on absolute pitch in adult musicians Rush, Mark Alan, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1089 Copyright ©1080 by Rush, Mark Alan. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd Ann Arbor, MI 48106 AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAINING ON ABSOLUTE PITCH IN ADULT MUSICIANS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Mark Alan Rush, B. A., B. M., M. M. The Ohio State University 1989 Dissertation Committee: Approved by David Butler A. Peter Costanza Burdette L. Green A dvisor Mari Riess Jones School of Music Copyright by Mark A. Rush 1989 "Where there is no experiment there can be no science." Carl E. Seashore, in The Inheritance of Musical Talent (1920) To the memory of my Grandfather, Neil D. Rush 1903—1988 Who provided me with innumerable opportunities and showed me the value of hard work. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my gratitude to the members of the dissertation committee. The advice and counsel of Professors Pel-s Costanza and Mari Riess Jones was appreciated, particularly in the area of data analysis. I am especially indebted to Professor Burdette Green, whose acute eye and sensitive pen improved this document in many ways. Lastly, I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor, Professor David Butler, not only for his help in the preparation of this study, but for his direction and friendship throughout my graduate education. Special thanks go to Professor William Loadman, who assisted in the experimental design, and to Professor Gregory Proctor, whose expertise as a translator proved invaluable. The help of the Ohio State University Libraries staff was extremely important: particularly that of Scott Seaman and Debbie Cameron, of the Interlibrary Loan Department; Dr. Thomas Heck, of the Music and Dance Library; and Marty Jamison, of the Education and Psychology Library. Without the receipt of a Graduate Student Alumni Research Award and the support of a Presidential Fellowship, this project could not have been undertaken. Special thanks go to the subjects who voluntarily gave their time to this study. Finally, to my wife Dee, without whose patience and encouragement this research would never have been completed. VITA September 8,1958 ........................... Bom - Columbus, Ohio 1981 ................................................... Bachelor of Arts, Music The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1982 ................................................... Bachelor of Music, Jazz Studies The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1983 ................................................... Master of Music, Music Composition The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1983 - 1987 ........................................ Graduate Teaching Associate Theory and Composition Division The Ohio State University School of Music 1984 - 1987 ........................................ Graduate Research Associate Music Perception Studio The Ohio State University School of Music 1987-1988 ......................................... Presidential Fellow The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS (in press). On absolute pitch. In: D. Butler, Musician's Guide to Perception and Cognition. New York: Schirmer (Macmillan). PRESENTATIONS (1988, November). Learning and absolute pitch. Paper presented at the joint meeting of the American Musicological Society and the Society for Music Theory, Baltimore, MD. HELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Music Theory Studies in Music Perception and Cognition: Dr. David Butler Studies in Music Analysis: Dr. Gregory Proctor, Dr. William Poland Studies in History of Music Theory: Dr. Burdette Green Studies in Electronic Music: Dr. Thomas Wells v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................. iii VITA .............................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................ xii CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 1 Background ................................................................. 1 Definitions of Terms .................................................. 2 Description of the Problem ........................................ 2 Statement of Purpose ................................................. 4 Need for the Study ..................................................... 4 Limitations of the Study ............................................. 5 n. REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................. 6 Introduction ............................................. 6 Meyer (1899) ................................................................ 7 Jadassohn (1899) ...................................... 10 Kohler (1915) ............................................................... 11 Copp (1916) ................................................ 13 Anonymous (1916) 15 Maryon (1919) ............................................................. 16 Gough (1922) ............................................................... 19 Mull (1925) .................................................................... 22 Mal'tseva (1925) ............... 29 Wedell (1934) 31 Komatsu (1940) .......................................................... 37 Hindemith (1949) ....................................... 40 Pollack (1952) ................................................................ 42 vi Hartman (1954) ...... 46 Deutsch (1954) .............................................................. 49 Lundin & Allen (1962) ............................................... 52 Lundin (1963) .............................................................. 57 Terman (1965) ...................................... 58 Fisher (1965) ................................................................ 61 Vianello (1966) ............................................................. 63 Cuddy (1968) ................................................................ 65 Brady (1970) ................................................................. 74 Cuddy (1970) ................................................................ 79 Cuddy (1971) ................................................................ 85 Heller & Auerbach (1972) ........................................... 91 Falk (1975) ................... 94 Humi-Schlegel & Lang (1978) ................................... 96 Waters (1980) ................................................................ 99 Grebel'nik (1984) ......................................................... 106 Faivre (1986) ................................................................ I ll Summary ..................................................................... 117 m. PROBLEM ............................................................................... 124 The Role of Chroma in Absolute Pitch ..................... 124 Selection of the Training Method ............................. 128 Burge's Technique ...... 130 Hypotheses .................................................................. 134 IV. METHODOLOGY ................................................................... 135 Experimental Design .................................................. 135 Subjects ......................................................................... 137 Description of the Pretest and Posttest ..................... 141 Description of the Training Procedure ..................... 146 V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............................................