University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2020 Photometric Study Of Two Near-Earth Asteroids In The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Moving Objects Catalog Christopher James Miko Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Miko, Christopher James, "Photometric Study Of Two Near-Earth Asteroids In The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Moving Objects Catalog" (2020). Theses and Dissertations. 3287. https://commons.und.edu/theses/3287 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PHOTOMETRIC STUDY OF TWO NEAR-EARTH ASTEROIDS IN THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY MOVING OBJECTS CATALOG by Christopher James Miko Bachelor of Science, Valparaiso University, 2013 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Grand Forks, North Dakota August 2020 Copyright 2020 Christopher J. Miko ii Christopher J. Miko Name: Degree: Master of Science This document, submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree from the University of North Dakota, has been read by the Faculty Advisory Committee under whom the work has been done and is hereby approved. ____________________________________ Dr. Ronald Fevig ____________________________________ Dr. Michael Gaffey ____________________________________ Dr. Wayne Barkhouse ____________________________________ Dr. Vishnu Reddy ____________________________________ ____________________________________ This document is being submitted by the appointed advisory committee as having met all the requirements of the School of Graduate Studies at the University of North Dakota and is hereby approved. ____________________________________ Chris Nelson Dean of the School of Graduate Studies ____________________________________ Date iii PERMISSION Title Photometric Study of Two Near-Earth Asteroids in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Moving Objects Catalog Department Space Studies Degree Master of Science In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the liBrary of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my thesis work or, in his absence, by the Chairperson of the department or the dean of the School of Graduate Studies. It is understood that any copying or publication or other use of this thesis or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may Be made of any material in my thesis. Christopher J. Miko July 29, 2020 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES …………..……………………………………………………...……......vii LIST OF TABLES …….……………………………………………………………………..xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………………………..xiv ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………………..…….xv I. INTRODUCTION …..…..……………………………………………………………………..1 II. PURPOSE ….…...……………………………………………………………………………..5 III. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ..……..……………………………………………..6 IV. METHOD ……………………………………………………………………………...……...7 Target Selection ……………………………………………………………………..7 Observations ……………………………………………………………………………..8 V. BACKGROUND …………..………………………………………………………………..11 History of Asteroid Discoveries …………………………..………………………..11 History of Comet and Other Small Solar System Body Discoveries ………..…………..13 Dynamical Properties of Asteroids ………………………..…………………………..17 Semi-Major Axis, Inclination, and Eccentricity ………..…………………..17 Observing Asteroids ………………………………………………..…………………..24 Charge-Coupled Devices …………………………………..………………..25 Photometry …………………………………………………………..………..29 Spectroscopy …………………………..………………………………………..37 Phase Angle Effects …………………………..………………………………..43 Asteroid Data Collection Efforts …………………..………………………..48 24 Color Asteroid Survey …………………………..………………..48 Eight Color Asteroid Survey …………………………………..………..49 52 Color Asteroid Survey …………………………………………....49 SMASS I, SMASS II, and SMASS IR ………..…………………..50 S3OS2 ………………………………………………………..…………..52 Sloan Digital Sky Survey ………………………………………..…..53 WISE/NEOWISE ………………..…………………………………..53 Palomar Transit Facility ………………..…………………………..54 Physical Properties of Asteroids ………………………………..…………………..55 Solar System Formation ………………………………………..…………..55 Taxonomies ………………………………………………………………..…..59 Chapman ………..…………………………………………………..59 Tholen ………………………..…………………………………………..59 Bus and Binzel ………………..…………………………………..60 DeMeo………………………………………..…………………………..63 Szabo and Carvano ………………………………..…………………..64 Compositions ………………………………………………………..…………..65 v Mineralogy ………………………………………………………………..…..67 Albedo ………..…………………………………………………………………..71 Size and H Magnitude ………..…………………………………………………..72 Space Weathering ………………..…………………………………………..77 Dynamical Evolution of Asteroids ………………..…………………………………..79 Hirayama Families ………………………………..…………………………..80 Collisional Evolution ………………………………………...………………….81 Yarkovsky Effect ………………………………………………...………….82 Migration into Near-Earth Space ………………………………………...….83 Rotation ……...…………………………………………………………….91 YORP Effect ……………...…………………………………………………….93 Multiple-Asteroid Systems ……...…………………………………………….94 Asteroid Shapes ……………………...…………………………………….94 Asteroid End States ………...………………………………………………….95 Summary ………………………………...………………………………………….95 VI. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ………………………...………………………….96 Analysis …………………………………...……………………………………….96 Sloan Digital Sky Survey Observations ………...………………………….96 Spectrophotometric Observations ………………………...………………….98 2059 Baboquivari Analysis ……………………………………….………….100 96744 (1999 OW3) Analysis ……….………………………………………….111 Discussion …………………………….…………………………………………….118 2059 Baboquivari Discussion ………….……………………………………….118 Baboquivari Phase Angle Relationships ……….………………….154 96744 (1999 OW3) Discussion …………………………….…………….159 96744 (1999 OW3) Rotational Analysis Discussion………………...….160 96744 (1999 OW3) Phase Angle Relationships……..……………….….172 VII. CONCLUSIONS ………………………………………………………….……………….175 2059 Baboquivari ……………………………………………………….………….175 96744 (1999 OW3) …………………………………………………………….…….176 Future Work …………………………………………………………………………..178 BIBLIOGRAPHY …………….…………………………………………………………….180 vi LIST OF FIGURES 1. Photometric spectra for 2059 Baboquivari and 96744 (1999 OW3) from their observations in the SDSS MOC4 database ……………………………………………………………………..8 2. Distribution of the Minor Planets: number vs semi-major axis ………..…………………..19 3. Distribution of the Minor Planets: number vs inclination ………………………………..…..20 4. Distribution of the Minor Planets: inclination vs semi-major axis ………………………..…..21 5. Distribution of the Minor Planets: number vs eccentricity ………………………………..…..22 6. Distribution of the Minor Planets: eccentricity vs semi-major axis ……………..……..23 7. Graphic of CCD ……………………………………………………………………..……..27 8. Graphic of CCD read-out process ……………………………………………………..……..28 9. Graphic of UBVRI system. Note that CCDs lose sensitivity longward of 1,100 nm …....33 10. Graphic of u’g’r’i’z’ system. Dashed curves are without atmospheric extinction and solid curves take into account atmospheric extinction ………………………………………........34 11. Asteroid color index graph from Jewitt (2013). Also included in this graph are asteroid colors from Dandy et al. (2003) ……………………………………………………………..……..36 12. Visible spectra of asteroids 8201 (1994 AH2) and 18882 (1999 YN4) from Binzel et al. (2001) ………………………………………………………………………………..…………..40 13. Representative photometric spectra of asteroids from Carvano et al. (2010) …..………..42 14. Phase angle general graphic ………………………………………………………..…..43 15. Reflectance spectrum for LL6 chondrite Dhurmsula from Sanchez et al. (2012) ..…..45 16. Graphic of Solar System Formation and Evolution, created by combining several proposed models ………………………………………………………………………………………..…..58 17. Tholen ECAS taxonomy figure ………………………………………………………..…..60 18. The 26 different SMASS taxonomic types from Bus and Binzel (2002A, 2002B) ..…..62 19. DeMeo taxonomy figure arranged by taxonomic complex ………………………..…..63 20. DeMeo taxonomy figure arranged by spectral slope and band depth ………………..…..64 21. Vis/NIR spectrum of 354 Eleonora ………………………………………………..…..69 22. Vis/NIR spectrum of 4 Vesta ………………………………………………………..…..69 vii 23. Reflectance spectrum of an S-complex asteroid, with Band I and II centers and Band I and II areas labelled ……………………………………………………………………………..……..70 24. Gaffey S-complex asteroid figure ……………………………………………………..……..71 25. Distribution of the Minor Planets: semi-major axis vs H magnitude ……………..……..73 26. Distribution of the Minor Planets: number vs H magnitude for all asteroids ………..…..75 27. Distribution of the Minor Planets: absolute magnitude vs number for NEAs ………..…..76 28. The currently-known structure of the Main Belt. Major resonances, planets, and populations are shown ………………………………………………………………………………..…..85 29. The compositional mass distribution of the Main Belt built from results of the MOC4 …....85 30. Eccentricity vs semi-major axis graph of the inner Solar System ………………..…..88 31. Graph of asteroid rotation periods vs diameters …………………………………………....92 32. Photometric spectrum