University of Texas at El Paso DigitalCommons@UTEP Open Access Theses & Dissertations 2019-01-01 Spectroscopic Analysis Of Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stone Inhibition By Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid (ndga) Mahendra Subedi University of Texas at El Paso, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd Part of the Physics Commons Recommended Citation Subedi, Mahendra, "Spectroscopic Analysis Of Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stone Inhibition By Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid (ndga)" (2019). Open Access Theses & Dissertations. 175. https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd/175 This is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UTEP. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UTEP. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF CALCIUM OXALATE KIDNEY STONE INHIBITION BY NORDIHYDROGUAIARETIC ACID (NDGA) MAHENDRA SUBEDI Master’s Program in Physics APPROVED: Felicia S. Manciu, Ph.D., Chair Deidra Hodges, Ph.D. Marian Manciu, Ph.D. Charles Ambler, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School Copyright © by Mahendra Subedi 2019 SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF CALCIUM OXALATE KIDNEY STONE INHIBITION BY NORDIHYDROGUAIARETIC ACID (NDGA) by MAHENDRA SUBEDI THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at El Paso in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Physics THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO May 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Dr. Felicia S. Manciu for providing her invaluable supervision, untiring cooperation, endless inspiration and suggestions throughout the course of the research. I would specially thank Dr. Felicia S. Manciu for constantly motivating me to work harder and encourage me in each and every step of the research. Thank you, Dr. Felicia S. Manciu, for letting me through all the difficulties. I have experienced your guidance day by day. You are the one who let me finish my degree. I will keep on trusting you for my future endeavor. I am very thankful to Dr. Deidra Hodges and Dr. Marian Manciu for being part of my thesis as committee member and adjusting time for me in the busiest hour of the semester. I also want to thank you for letting my defense be an enjoyable moment, and for your brilliant comments and suggestions, thanks to you. I would like to thank my friend Jose, Emma, Katia and John for helping in the lab to prepare sample and taking pictures of the sample. I would like to thank everyone for their support in my defense. A special thanks to my family. Words cannot express how indebted I am for all of the sacrifices that you’ve made on my behalf. Your prayer for me is what sustained me thus far. I would also like to thank to my beloved wife Anita for supporting me and especially I can’t thank you enough for encouraging me throughout this experience. iv ABSTRACT This current study provides information regarding the inhibition of calcium oxalate type of kidney stones by the use of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA). Around 80% of kidney stones found in patients are principally made of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. NDGA is an antioxidant compound that is chemically extracted from the desert bush Larrea tridentata. This work is a logical continuation of a previous research, where different concentrations of Larrea tridentata extract were used for such inhibition. Size and morphological changes from a calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) structure to a calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) structure were previously reported. In the current research, synthetically grown calcium oxalate crystals with and without NDGA are analyzed by Raman and Fourier transformed infrared absorption spectroscopies. The Raman results show that the presence of NDGA has no contribution to previously observed morphological changes, but its presence affects the strength and bond between carbon atoms. The presence of a strong absorption line in infrared spectrum reveals the existence of NDGA in a sample. v TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................1 1.1 EPIDEMIOLOGY .........................................................................................................1 1.2 KIDNEY STONE COMPOSITION ..............................................................................3 1.2.1 CALCIUM STONES ............................................................................................3 1.2.2 URIC ACID STONES ..........................................................................................4 1.2.3 STRUVITE STONES ...........................................................................................4 1.2.4 CYSTINE STONES .............................................................................................4 1.3 THEORY OF KIDNEY STONE FORMATION ..........................................................5 1.3.1 SUPERSATURATION OR THE DRIVING FORCE .........................................5 1.3.2 NUCLEATION .....................................................................................................6 1.3.3 GROWTH AND RETENTION OF CRYSTALS AND PARTICLES ................6 1.3.4 AGGREGATION .................................................................................................7 1.4 ROLE OF ORGANIC MATRIC IN STONES ..............................................................7 1.5 CLINICAL MANAGEMENT .......................................................................................8 1.5.1 CLINICAL PRESENTATION .............................................................................8 1.5.1.1 URINARY TRACT SYMPTOMS ..............................................................8 vi 1.5.1.2 SYSTEMATIC SYMPTOMS .....................................................................8 1.5.1.3 ASYMPTOMATIC......................................................................................8 1.5.2 INITIAL MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................9 1.5.2.1 CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT .........................................................9 1.5.2.2 INTERVENTION THERAPY.....................................................................9 1.6 MEDICAL MANAGEMENT .....................................................................................10 1.7 TRADITIONAL MEDICINE ......................................................................................10 1.8 HERBAL MEDICINE .................................................................................................11 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................14 2.1 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY ...................................................................................................14 2.1.1 CLASSICAL APPROACH .........................................................................................15 2.1.2 QUANTUM APPROACH ...........................................................................................16 2.2 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP FOR RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY ............................................17 2.3 CONFOCAL RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY .............................................................................18 2.4 FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FTIR) ......................................20 2.4.1 WORKING MECHANISM OF FTIR .........................................................................21 2.4.2 ADVANTAGES OF FTIR OVER OTHER SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES .....22 2.4.3 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP FOR FTIR ......................................................................23 2.5 COMPARISON BETWEEN RAMAN AND FTIR SPECTROSCOPY ................................24 2.6 SAMPLE PREPARATION .....................................................................................................25 vii 2.6.1 PREPARATION OF STOCK SOLUTION .................................................................26 2.6.2 NDGA SOLUTION .....................................................................................................26 2.6.3 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF SAMPLES ASSEMBLY ......................................2 CHAPTER 3: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............................................28 3.1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS .....................................................................................28 3.2 RAMAN ANALYSIS OF KIDNEY STONES ..............................................................30 3.3 NORDIHYDROGUAIARETIC ACID (NDGA) ...........................................................32 3.4 EXPERIMENTAL RAMAN RESULTS ........................................................................33 3.5 INFRARED ABSORPTION RESULTS ........................................................................41 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................45