No. 19-231 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES _________________________________ ROBERT R. REYNOLDS, Petitioner, v. WILLIAM SMITH, Chief Probation Officer, Amantonka Nation Probation Services; JOHN MITCHELL, President, Amantonka Nation, ELIZABETH NELSON, Chief Judge, Amantonka Nation District Court, Respondents _________________________________ On Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Thirteenth Circuit _________________________________ BRIEF FOR RESPONDENTS BRIEF FOR RESPONDENTS NALSA MOOT COURT TEAM NO. 132 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... i TABLE OF AUTHORITIES .................................................................................................... ii STATEMENT OF CASE ........................................................................................................ vi I. STATEMENT OF FACTS ............................................................................................... vi II. STATEMENT OF PROCEEDINGS .............................................................................. vii SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT ....................................................................................... 1 ARGUMENT ............................................................................................................................ 3 I. Since VAWA recognizes Indian tribes’ power to exercise jurisdiction “over all persons” and Petitioner has sufficient ties to the Amantonka Nation, the tribal court was correct to utilize SDVCJ. ...................................................................................................... 4 A. Recent federal statutes and caselaw reaffirm tribes’ inherent power to exercise criminal jurisdiction over all persons within their territories. ........................................... 5 B. This Court should discard the first prong of the Rogers test because it perpetuates classification of Indians by race rather than political definition and impedes tribes from having full authority to determine their citizenship. .......................................................... 8 II. The Thirteenth Circuit did not error in reversing the district court’s grant of Petitioner’s writ of habeas corpus because the Amantonka Nation complied with all standards established by VAWA 2013................................................................................ 13 A. Amantonka Nation provided Petitioner the right to effective assistance of counsel at least equal to that guaranteed by the United States Constitution. ................................ 14 B. Amantonka Nation provided Petitioner a defense attorney licensed to practice law in a jurisdiction in the United States. ............................................................................... 16 C. Petitioner’s collateral attack on the tribal court conviction damages tribal sovereignty....................................................................................................................... 20 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................... 22 i TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Cases Brackeen v. Zinke, 338 F. Supp. 3d 514 (N.D. Tex. 2018) .................................................................................. 9 County of Yakima v. Confederated Tribes and Bands of Yakima Indian Nation, 502 U.S. 251 (1992) .............................................................................................................. 5 Duro v. Reina, 495 U.S. 676 (1990) .......................................................................................................... 6, 8 Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963) ............................................................................................................ 14 Gila River Indian Cmty. v. United States, 729 F.3d 1139 (9th Cir. 2013) ............................................................................................... 5 Harris v. Nelson, 394 U.S. 286 (1969) ............................................................................................................ 20 Kelsey v. Pope, 809 F.3d 849 (6th Cir. 2016) ................................................................................................. 7 Means v. Navajo Nation, 432 F.3d 924 (9th Cir. 2005) ............................................................................................... 10 Miner Electric, Inc. v. Muskogee Creek Nation, 505 F.3d 1007 (10th Cir. 2007) ........................................................................................... 21 Morton v. Mancari, 417 U.S. 535 (1974) ............................................................................................................ 10 Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, 435 U.S. 191 (1978) ........................................................................................................ 5, 10 Pascua Yaqui Tribe v. Jaimez (No. 16-236) (Pascua Yaqui Ct. App.) ................................................................................ 17 Randall v Yakima Nation Tribal Court, 841 F.2d 897 (9th Cir. 1988) .......................................................................................... 21, 22 Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, 436 U.S. 49 (1978) .............................................................................................. 7, 11, 20, 22 Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984) ............................................................................................................ 14 Talton v. Mayes, 163 U.S. 376 (1986) ............................................................................................................ 20 United States v. A.W.L., 117 F.3d 1423 (8th Cir. 1997) ............................................................................................... 9 United States v. Bruce, 394 F.3d 1215, 1224 (9th Cir. 2005) ............................................................................... 8, 11 United States v. Bryant, 136 S. Ct. 1954 (2016) ........................................................................................................ 20 ii United States v. Cruz, 554 F.3d 840 (9th Cir. 2009) ................................................................................................. 8 United States v. Lara, 541 U.S. 193 (2004) .............................................................................................................. 6 United States v. Rogers, 45 U.S. 567 (1846) ............................................................................................................ 4, 8 United States v. Wheeler, 435 U.S. 313 (1978) .............................................................................................................. 7 United States v. Zepeda, 792 F.3d 1103 (9th Cir. 2015) ....................................................................................... 10, 11 Wetsit v. Stafne, 44 F.3d 823 (9th Cir. 1995) ............................................................................................... 6, 7 Worcester v. Georgia, 31 U.S. (6 Pet.) 515 (1832) ................................................................................................. 20 Statutes 2 Amantonka Nation C. § 607 ................................................................................................ 18 25 U.S.C. § 1301 (2013) ........................................................................................................... 6 25 U.S.C. § 1302 (2013) ............................................................................................. 14, 16, 18 25 U.S.C. § 1303 (2013) ......................................................................................................... 20 25 U.S.C. § 1304 (2013) ............................................................................................. 4, 5, 6, 13 Other Authorities American Bar Association, Comprehensive Guide to Bar Admission Requirements (2017) . 18 Department of Justice, VAWA 2013 And Tribal Jurisdiction Over Crimes of Domestic Violence ............................................................................................................................... 13 Indianz.Com, Tribes in Pilot Project Filed 26 VAWA Cases Against Non-Indians ............... 17 Jessica Greer Griffith, Too Many Gaps, Too Many Fallen Victims: Protecting American Indian Women from Violence on Tribal Lands, 36 U. Pa. J. Int’l L. 785 (2015) ................ 11 Jordan Gross, VAWA 2013’s Right to Appointed Counsel On Tribal Court Proceedings- A Rising Tide That Lifts All Boats Or A Procedural Windfall For Non-Indian Defendants, 67 Case W. Res. L. Rev. 379 (2016) ........................................................................................ 13 Julia Bedell, The Fairness of Tribal Court Juries and Non-Indian Defendants, 41 Am. Indian L. Rev. 253 (2017) .............................................................................................................. 17 Katie Zezima, Biden: Violence Against Women is an ‘Epidemic,’ Washington Post (December 3, 2014) ............................................................................................................. 12 Legislative Hearing on S. 2785, A Bill to Protect Native Children and Promote Public Safety in Indian Country; S. 2916 A Bill to Provide that the Pueblo of Santa Clara May Lease for 99 Years Certain Restricted Land and for Other Purposes; and S.