This article was downloaded by: [New York University] On: 12 February 2015, At: 20:44 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Series 6 Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnah12 LXVIII.—Critical observations on Frenzel's Mesozoon Salinella: a biological sketch Prof. Stefan Apáthy Published online: 02 Oct 2009. To cite this article: Prof. Stefan Apáthy (1892) LXVIII.—Critical observations on Frenzel's Mesozoon Salinella: a biological sketch , Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Series 6, 9:54, 465-481, DOI: 10.1080/00222939208677361 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222939208677361 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/ terms-and-conditions Downloaded by [New York University] at 20:44 12 February 2015 On Frenzel's Mesozoon Salinella. 465 LXVIII.--Critical Observations on Frenzel's Meso,oou Sali- nella': a Biologlcal Sketch. By Prof. STEFAN AP~,T~Y ~'. IN the CZoologlscher Anzeiger' for 1891~ no. 367~ pp. 230 et seq.t~ and in the ~Biologisches Centralblatt~' Bd. xi. pp. 577 et seq.~, Frenzel described a new animal, on which he bestowed the name Saline[In §. The creature is a tube provided with two apertureswmouth and anus--and its wall consists of a SINC~LE LAYER OF CELLS. The cells on the ventral surface are similar to one another and finely ciliate ; it is only around the mouth~ which is not quite terminal in position, that certain of the cells are provided with stouter cilia. On the dorsal side the cells bear short setm instead of cilia. The surface of all the cells which is turned towards the intestinal cavity is likewise finely ciliate. Food-particles are found in the intestine in a solid form. Frenzel is led to believe that intraeellular digestion does not take place. By the discovery of Salinella our store of facts received a very material addition, since the creature in question, as it appears to m% serves to a certain extent to fill the. gap between Volvox and Trichoplax. For the comprehension of the most primary forms of multicellular life Salinella seems more important than the Orthonectids and Dicyemids, in which we find a genealogical stag% certainly a very ancient on% at the best merely restored by parasitism as a fully- developed animal. A large nmnber of questions of the highest biological importance can be connected with Salinella ; but although in Balinella Frenzel furnishes an important contribution for our comparisons, he himself~ in criticizing it and the problems connected with it~ does not make sufficient us% for the pur- oses of comparison~ of the store of facts already available. he resul~ is that certain difficulties~ which are indeed present, Downloaded by [New York University] at 20:44 12 February 2015 * Translated from the 'Biologisehes Centralblatt,' xii. Bd., no. 4 (Feb. 29~ 1892)~ pp. 108-123. t Ann. ~ Mat. Nat. Hist. ser. 6~ no. 49, Jan. 1892~ pp. 109-111~ "A Multicellular Infusorian-like Animal." $ Ann. & Mat. Nat. Hist. lee. cit. pp. 79-84, "The Mesozoon Salg~ella." § Under the title "Untersuchungen fiber die mikroskopische Faun~ Argentiniens," Frenzel publishes a detailed description, with figures, in the last part of the 'Archly flit b~aturgeschiehte' (58 Jahrg., i. Bd., 1 Heft, pp. 66-96, Tar. vii.). This was issued last December, but it did not come into my hands until later. In this paper Frenzel adds to his previous statements nothing that is essentially new ; I therefore consider it unnecessary to discuss it further at present. Ann. & Mat. IV. Itist. Set. 6. VoI. ix. 35 466 Prof. S. Apathy on appear to him to be greater than, when considered from the comparative standpoint, they actually are. In what follows I only hope to apply to an interesting concrete case nothing but what is well known and generally admitted, while venturing to add thereto certain reflections of my own. " It is a well-known fact," says Frenzel in his second paper (loc. cir. p. 577~-), "that between unicellular and multicellular animals there hitherto stretched a gulf which was wider than that between the vegetable and animal kingdoms ; for indeed the two latter, in spite of the advances which we have made in knowledg% are even to-day hardly separable from one another." But the further our knowledge progresses the less will such a separation be possible, and the less moreover shall we consider it to be necessary: the animal and vegetable worlds have been developed in two different directions from a common basis, the non-nucleate Protoblasts. I totally dis- believe that it is permissible to institute such comparisons in the natural sciences. A gulf, if it is once present, can be neither smaller nor greater than any other. Between animals and plants a gulf might well exist; but happily it does not. It is nevertheless only in relatively quite recent times that our store of facts has been so far enriched as to render it possible to bridge over the gulf, wt, ich, from the standpoint of earlier knowledg% was only too evident. It is possible that, among the forms at present existing, there is a gulf between Protozoa and Metazoa ; it is possible, nay even very probable, that it does not really exist at all, and that our array of facts only needs to be further amplified in order to bridge it over. The transition also from the unicellular to the mnlticellular plants is to-day quite a gradual one: why should it be otherwise fl'om the unicellular to the multicellular animals ? Frenzel contributes a very considerable pillar to the bridge, and withal exerts himself, in developing his paper, to make the gulf appear deeper and broader than it is. Our science does not deserve such an Downloaded by [New York University] at 20:44 12 February 2015 extremely pessimistic conception of its present position ; although in a general way I consider pesslmwm--but w.thout relapsing into resignation and exclaiming "Ignorabimus " !-- active pessimism, to be more fruitful than activity in an exaggeratedly optimistic direction. Frenzel~ however, also overlooks stones which are already in existence for the building of the future bridge between Protozoa and ~etazoa. Frenzel moreover does the modern zoologist injustice when * Ann. &Mag. Nat. Hist. loe. cit. p. 79. Frenzel's Mesozoo~ Salinclla. 467 he says (Biol. Centralbl. loc. cit. p. 577; Ann. & iVIag. Nat. Hist. loc. clt. p. 80) :--" In tile systematic arrangement of the group (i. e. the Protozoa) we are even obliged, hard though it will be for every modern zoologist, to allow our- selves to be swayed by physiological considerations, since here the purely morphological and embryological foundations are insufficient." In cases in which " unfortunately far too little attention is paid" to a u by no means unimportant difference .... perhaps in consequence of the fact that it arises in tile first place from physiological conditions only," this does not occur because it would be hard for a modern zoologist to take physiological considerations into account, but because there are unfortunately still far too many zoolo- gists who are one-slded in their views, i. e. not modern. It appears to me that precisely the perception that differences of a purely physiological nature exist between organisms~ espe- cially unicellular ones, which are not to be distinguished morphologically (i. e. anatomically and embryologically), is one of the most important acquisitions in biology; for it teaches us that the most essential differences.--at least in my opinion--between organisms are independent of the degree of development which their organization has attained ; and that protoplasm, or, better, Protoblasts--for independent proto- plasm, without forming any kind of Protoblast or living being (Lebewesen), has no existence at allJis subject to material differences even in the non-organized condition. Indeed~ we must even arrive at the conclusion--in a manner which I will perhaps indicate more closely upon another occasion--that in the non-organized condition there already were AT LEAST as many original kinds of Protoblasts as there are to-day :REALLY INDEPENDENT forms of living beings, or, we might say, QUALITIES OF LIFE ; probably, however, there were many more. It may be that ne~ qualities of life, in spite of the diversity of gradually developing forms of life, did not subsequently come into existence at all; for new and different FO:RNS 0F LIFE may arise by gradual change of shape Downloaded by [New York University] at 20:44 12 February 2015 from apparently similar QUALITIES OF LIFE~ tile difference between which, though present from the beginning, does not become perceptible until a higher grade of development is reached.